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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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European Finds of 1820s and 1830s |
Megalosaurus - William Buckland Iguanodon, Hylaeosaurus - Gideon Mantell Fragments of Cetiosaurus, Poekiloplueron, Thecodontosaurus |
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North American Finds of 1850s |
Deinodon ("terrible tooth"), Trachodon ("rough tooth) , Hadrosaurus ("heavy lizard")- Joseph Leidy |
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Great Dinosaur Rush 1870-1900 |
Stegosaurus, Brontosaurus, Allosaurus - Othniel Charles Marsh Marsh and Cope rivalry Tyranosaurus Rex - Barnum Brown Charles Hazelius Sternberg Triceratops - John Bell Hatcher (Marsh) |
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Dinosauria |
"Terrible" "Fearfully great" "lizard" "reptile" - Richard Owen Teeth set in bony sockets, large sacra of 5 fused vertebrae ribs with 2 heads, complex shoulder girdle, long hollow limb bones, mammal-like feet (Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, Hylaeosaurus) |
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Owen-Hawkins dinosaur sculptures |
Collaboration of paintings and life-sized sculptures for Crystal Palace exhibition "Concrete menagerie" dinner for 20 in Iguanodon Dinosaurs as reptilian, bulky lizard and toad-like Thumb as nose-spike Most complete Iguanodon |
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Artists in 1900s |
Active and agile theropods, still reptilian, but more accurate - Charles R. Knight Reptilian - Zdenek Burian, Edwin H. Colbert |
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Great Dinosaur Rush |
Wealth of knowledge/discoveries of new skeletons Cope-Knight representations are reptilian, but more accurate |
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Turn-of-the-century scientific image of dinosaurs |
Reptilian Ancestors of birds - John Ostrom (1970s) "Dinosaur Renaissance", bird-like - Robert Bakker |
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Tendaguru Hill (1907-1912) Tanzania, East Africa |
Werner Janesch Brachiosaurus -broader geographic distribution for some dinosaurs than originally suspected Demonstrated significant dinosaur collections could be made outside Europe and N. America |
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Central Asiatic Expeditions (1920s and 1930s) Gobi Desert, China/Mongolia |
Backed by American Museum of Natural History Roy Chapman Andrews (Indiana Jones) Initiated to find origin of humans, instead discovered dinosaur fossils Protoceratops, Oviraptor, Velociraptor, nests of dinosaur eggs Also added to knowledge of dinosaur biology and distribution |
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Darwinian Evolution |
Individuals within populations vary Some of the variation can be passed on to their offspring Populations of organisms produce more offspring than will survive Natural Selection is driving force behind evolution "Descent with Modification" |
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Darwin Species are not Fixed |
Modern and fossil biotas of South America Found fossils of giant armadillos, sloths, etc Similarities to modern animals - related Differences - changes in species throughout time |
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"Mystery of Mysteries" |
Origin of species |
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Artificial Selection |
Humans could bring out certain desirable traits in dogs by breeding them with dogs that had similar traits Competition for limited resources |
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Cladistics vs. Stratophenetic method of phylogeny reconstruction |
Paleontologists do not have every species and cladistics does not need every species. Divides into groups based on unique traits, which newly discovered species can be grouped into Stratophentic phylogeny: A phylogeny that relies on the relative geologic age and overall similarity of taxa to identify ancestors and descendents |
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Lamarck |
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters. It stated that organisms became more and more complex throughout generations (so the more complex something was, such as mammals, the older their species). The environment drove adaptation through use or disuse of features. |
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Lyell |
God working to improve organisms was a greater sign of His power than simply thinking them into existence fully formed. |
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Malthus |
Economic theorist. He showed that populations and food sources did not grow at the same rate, and this would always lead to limited resources. Darwin realized that this was the driving force of evolution. |
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Cuvier |
Extinction as a fact, and proposed that new species were created after catastrophic floods. |
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Convergence |
Cladistics are based on evolved traits, but occasionally unrelated species in similar modes of life can develop similar traits. If it is not realized that these species arrived at the same trait through separate evolutionary paths, they could be grouped in the same clade even when not closely related. Ex. ichthyosaurs, sharks, and dolphins: reptile, fish, and mammal; yet they all look very similar and at first glance might be seen as related. |
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Biological classification |
Based of evolutionary history/novelty |
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Principle of Priority |
Oldest correctly proposed scientific name for an animal has priority over later names proposed for that animal Paleontologists use the genus Apatosaurus, not Brontosaurus because of it |
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Strengths and weaknesses of dinosaur fossil record for studying evolution |
Weakness: large gaps in fossil record, sometimes making speculations necessary Weakness: we can often get a general time period, but not always. Uncertainty leads to confusion Strength: long time periods allow us to see a wide range of changes and outcomes |
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Clade |
Group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants |
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Sister Taxa |
Two groups that form from the splitting of a single branch |
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Outgroups |
Groups of organisms that serve as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationship among three or more monophyletic groups of organisms (Ex. Gorillas as an outgroup of humans and chimpanzees) |
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Apomorphy |
Novel evolutionary trait |
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Stem |
Trait that leads to multiple branches |
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Branch |
Any single evolutionary line |
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Body Fossils |
Preserved remains of animals, plants, or other ancient life |
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Trace Fossils |
Fossil of a footprint, trail, burrow, or other trace of an animal rather than the animal itself |
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Fossilization |
The open cavities occupied by organic material filled with minerals Takes 10,000 years or more |
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Modern Bone |
Flexible because of blood and marrow that is surrounded by the more solid minerelized organic matrix |
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Fossil Bone |
Blood and marrow have decomposed and been replaced with minerals. Fibers that made up the stiff, brittle part of the bone remain |
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Cellular Details in bone and wood |
In bone the organic parts are replaced while often the inorganic original bone matrix is left, leaving many details about the cell structures Wood and bones where the inorganic material is replaces, the replacement takes place of a microscopic scale, leaving the general structure intact |
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Taphonomic process |
Predation or accident resulting in the death of the creature Transportation and surface weathering Leaching, compaction and movement of sediment, mineralization All reduce the amount of info available because it changes how the fossil is found |
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Rock and Sedimentary environments |
Almost all fossils found in sedimentary rocks Dinosaur fossils in fluvial sedimentary rocks |
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Fluvial Environment |
Those where rivers and streams are the dominant ages of sedimentation * sand and mud is better than boulders. |
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Relative Geologic Time Scale |
Determine whether one event is older or younger than another 2 principles In lieu of numerical time scale because of general inability to assign precise numerical ages better than within 5 million years or so Used to discuss age of dinosaur or event How events relate to one anther-no dates |
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Principle of Superposition |
In layered rocks, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top |
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Principle of Biostratigraphic Correlation |
Rocks containing the same types of fossils are the same age |
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Absolute Time Scale |
Concerned with WHEN things happened - fairly precise dates found through radiometric dating |
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Why not numerical ages? |
We cannot measure time from bones - instead look at surrounding rocks Rocks can contain crystals, or indicators of time We can't always find these indicators |
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When Dinosaurs lived |
Mesozoic Era - Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous 250 million-65 million years ago |
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Paleosol |
Fossilized soil Preserves info about climate of time when soil was buried. Shows what rainfall was like, predicts flora and fauna for the climate |
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Radiometric ages/Carbon-14 dating |
We use half-lives of elements to determine how long ago crystals cooled Carbon-14 is not used for dinosaurs because half-lives are too short |
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Archosaurian Diapsid Reptiles |
Dinosaurs have a fenestra in front of their orbital on their skull. Two temporal fenestrae on each side of their skulls and thus belong to the group of reptiles called Diapsida They have upright posture |
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Silesaurs |
Closest relative to dinosaurs |
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Rules of Science |
Reproducibility Predictive Power Prospects for Improvement Naturalism Uniformitarianism Simplicity Harmony |
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Collecting, preparation, curation |
Vinyl acetate spray - hardens bone Plaster - supports bone Label and store it Organization Sometimes must be sculpted back into shape |
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Reproducibility |
The ability of an entire experiment to be reproduced with the same results |
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Predictive Power |
Scientific theory can generate testable predictions |
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Prospects for Improvement |
Subject to an infinitely repeating process of evaluation meant to generate more and more useful stories |
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Naturalism |
Everything that exists and everything that occurs is part of the natural universe and is subject to examination, this excludes supernatural explanation |
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Uniformitarianism |
Laws of nature have always been the same Current processes can be used to explain things Opposed to Catastrophism: Brief catastrophic events caused by supernatural forces |
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Simplicity |
The things scientists study are simple enough for humans to understand |
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Harmony |
Explanations should not contradict each other or established scientific explanations |
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Diagnostic Characters of Dinosaurs |
Clade that contains Triceratops and Birds and most immediate common ancestor Upright limb posture Large crest on humerus Hip socket is hole - not pit Epipophyses on cervical vertebrae Jugal with posterior split to receive quadrotojugal Small articulation on side of astragalus for fibula Asymmetrical fourth trochanter on femur
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Upright Posture |
Allowed for speedy upright walking and running |
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Archosaur Ankle Structure |
Evolutionary novelty, allowing foot to swing like a hinge Contrasts with crocodile normal, and allows us to identify dinosaurs as compared to thecodonts and possible ancestors |
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Saurischian |
"Lizard hips" Pelvic bones radiate in different directions from hip socket Primitive pubis |
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Ornithischian |
"Bird hips" Pubis is parallel to ischium Two rami on pubis Predentary Palpebral bone Ossified tendons common |
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Dinosaur origins |
When - Middle Triassic |
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Staurikosurus |
Meat-eater, long limbs, fast runner, biped, saurischian |
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Lesothosaurus |
Small dinosaur, plant eater, long neck and tail, ornithischian |
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Late Triassic Fauna |
Dinosaurs weren't abundant until after the triassic-jurassic extinction 200 million years ago Many crocodillian groups Placerias - Dicynodont - herbivore Rauisuchians - relatives of crocodilians Phytosaur - similar to crocodilians, nostrils near yes Aetosaur - archosaurian reptile, herbivore Metoposaurus - giant amphibian |
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External nares |
Nostrils |
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Supratemporal Fenestra |
Holes for jaw muscle |
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Infra/lateral temporal fenestra |
Lower fenestral holes |
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Antorbital fenestra |
Sinuses |
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Foramen magnum |
Opening for spinal cord |
