Dinos

Front 1

46) Coal and oil deposits form from terrestrial and oceanic organic carbon deposits

Back 1

TRUE

Front 2

What type of sedimentary environment produces the most dinosaur remains

Back 2

a fluvial environment

Front 3

Which of the following is false about oceanic ridges such as the Mid-Atlantic ridge

Back 3

they have the thickest accumulation of oceanic sediment

Front 4

Permineralized or petrified wood is most common in sediments also containing

Back 4

volcanic ash

Front 5

in a succession of strata, fossil species succeed one another in a definite and recognizable order

Back 5

true

Front 6

The original continuity of strata in a basin can be broken. A river can carve a canyon into a basin leaving once continuous layers stranded on opposite sides of the canayon. According to the principle of lateral continuity, these opposite sides of the valley were once laterally continuous

Back 6

true

Front 7

) In a succession of strata, fossil species succeed one another in a definite and recognizable order. The appearance and disappearances is largely the consequence of:

Back 7

all of these

Front 8

refers to the number of protons of an atom

Back 8

atomic number

Front 9

) Particles that settle under the influence of gravity settle to more nearly vertical layers

Back 9

false

Front 10

) The relative geologic time scale was not established until the 20th century when the geologic periods were first defined as specific interval of time

Back 10

false

Front 11

This type of unconformity separates horizontal sedimentary rocks above and below the unconformity

Back 11

disconformity

Front 12

Radioactive decay is the spontaneous nuclear disintegration of isotopes at constant rates.

Back 12

true

Front 13

Calcite, the major constituent of limestone, is soluble in acidic water

Back 13

true

Front 14

Oxidation refers to reactions with _____ that forms oxides.

Back 14

oxygen

Front 15

Most rocks exhibit systems of joints which run perpendicular to bedding planes or the surface

Back 15

true

Front 16

) Oxidation of iron in soils and rocks causes an increase in reddish color

Back 16

true

Front 17

Peat is brownish, soft, spongy and is composed almost entirely of recognizable plant remains. Burial of peat decreases its water content and gradually changes it to coal.

Back 17

true

Front 18

The degree of sorting reflects: the degree of mechanical and chemical weathering producing the sediment, the transportation processes, and post-depositional processes that may alter the sediment grain-size distribution

Back 18

true

Front 19

) Conglomerates and breccias are distinguished from each other on the basis of how rounded or angular their coarse fragments are

Back 19

true

Front 20

_____ is a detrital sedimentary rock composed of grains ranging between 1/16 and 1/256 mm.

Back 20

siltstone

Front 21

is an important process in lithification causing a reduction in the pore space between unconsolidated grains in the sediment.

Back 21

compaction

Front 22

The two principal types of sedimentary rocks are called

Back 22

detrial and chemical

Front 23

are sedimentary rocks formed of minerals that were precipited from solution with evaporation of the liquid they were dissolved in.

Back 23

evaporites

Front 24

The most commonly used grain size scale in use is the ______ that divides particle size (clay, silt, sand, gravel) by a specific size range in millimeters (clay is less than 1/256 mm.)

Back 24

Wentworth Scale

Front 25

Microscopic fossils of algal plants and protozoans can be used to estimate such parameters as: sea surface temperature, water depth, salinity, water clarity, etc.

Back 25

true

Front 26

Sediments accumulating in an aquatic environment, low in oxygen content, are usually

Back 26

dark gray or black

Front 27

When particles in a sedimentary bed change from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top, bedding is defined as

Back 27

graded

Front 28

Hematite can produce sediment shades of yellow and brown

Back 28

false

Front 29

An internal mold is an impression of the outside of the shell or fossil showing only the external detail of the fossil.

Back 29

false

Front 30

An impression of the exterior of a shell or bone is a _

Back 30

external mold

Front 31

are the most common fossils in amber

Back 31

insects

Front 32

)___ are stomach stones swallowed by animals to aid in digestion

Back 32

gastroliths

Front 33

The most common fossils preserved in peat are

Back 33

plants

Front 34

) Peat forms in ¬_____ deprived and acidic waters

Back 34

oxygen

Front 35

The fossilization process by which porous spaces in the shell, wood, or bone are filled with minerals is called

Back 35

permineralization

Front 36

Most marine invertebrates have hard parts of skeletons make of calcite or ____ (a less stable form of calcite).

Back 36

aragonite

Front 37

During recrystallization, the external form is unchanged but internal microstructures are obscured or destroyed

Back 37

true

Front 38

If a shell of an invertebrate is filled with sediment and the shell later dissolved, the sediment filling the shell can produce a

Back 38

internal mold

Front 39

are tracks, trails, and burrows of organisms that live on the surface (epifaunal) or beneath the sediment surface (infaunal).

Back 39

trace fossils

Front 40

Some marine and fresh water sponges secrete ___.

Back 40

Siliceous spicules

Front 41

The frequent reveals of the magnetic field have left an alternating signature of normal and reversed polarity crust on the ridge flanks as they spread away from the ridge crest

Back 41

true

Front 42

are minerals the form from the evaporation of water, generally seawater

Back 42

evaporites

Front 43

were carnivorous mammal-like reptiles that first appeared in the Late Permian

Back 43

Cynodonts

Front 44

Is the study of the earth’s magnetic history

Back 44

Paleomagnetism

Front 45

to the seafloor spreading hypothesis, ocean ridges are sights of new seafloor creation with magma upwelling from mantle thermal convection cells

Back 45

true

Front 46

The oldest marine sediments in the Atlantic occur along the margins of the basins while the youngest are on the Mid Atlantic ridge

Back 46

true

Front 47

The location of _______ is marked by linear distributions of shallow earthquakes.-

Back 47

transform faults

Front 48

_______ is viewed as the developer of the theory of continental drift

Back 48

Wegener

Front 49

A ________ boundary is the zone along which plates slide past one another and crust is neither produced nor destroyed.-

Back 49

transform fault plane

Front 50

A___________ is on the trailing edge of a continental plate and away from plate margins

Back 50

passive continental margins

Front 51

During the Late Cretaceous, South America was still connected to Antarctica as a large island continent

Back 51

True

Front 52

By the end of the Triassic Period, Pangaea began to rift apart in some places but largely remained intact until the ___________ Period

Back 52

Jurrassic

Front 53

During the Early Jurassic, Europe separated from Greenland

Back 53

False

Front 54

When dinosaurs evolved, Pangaea was still intact

Back 54

True

Front 55

______ was comprised of South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Australia, and Antarctica.

Back 55

Gondwana

Front 56

Which of the following is a common cementing material in sedimentary rock? (

Back 56

(calcite, iron oxide, and silica)

Front 57

The principle which states the “disturbed rocks or strata are older than those rocks that cut or disturb them “is the principle of

Back 57

cross cutting principle

Front 58

The basic rock until defined on the basis of distinctive and easily recognized characteristics is a

Back 58

formation

Front 59

is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Back 59

atomic mass

Front 60

Radiometric age dating techniques were used to establish the relative geologic time scale

Back 60

false

Front 61

Which of the following is the oldest?

Back 61

Lower Cretaceous

Front 62

) Disturbed rocks or strata are older than those rocks that disturb them or cut through them

Back 62

true

Front 63

_________ is a product of placing rocks in their proper sequence of formation to create a composite record of geologic events.

Back 63

relative geological time scale

Front 64

Radiometric age dating, the basis of the establishment of the absolute geologic time scale , was not possible until after the discovery of radioactivity in the 20th century

Back 64

false

Front 65

The principle which states that “strata extend in all directions until they thin against edges of the basins they accumulated in “is the principle of

Back 65

original lateral continuity

Front 66

Which of the following is not a period in the Mesozoic Era?

Back 66

cambrian

Front 67

Radioactive decay is the spontaneous nuclear disintegration of isotopes at constant rates

Back 67

true

Front 68

History is a sequence of events placed in proper chronological order

Back 68

true

Front 69

An isotope is a species of the same element with the same mass and different atomic number.

Back 69

false

Front 70

Mummification or dessication might occur in an arid environment by the burial of an animal in hot sand shortly after death.

Back 70

true

Front 71

The principle that states that “in any undisturbed succession of strata, the oldest strata are at the bottom with successively younger ones above “is known as the:

Back 71

principle of superposition

Front 72

are failed rifts.

Back 72

aulocogens

Front 73

Fossil dinosaur bones and most fossil wood has been preserved by this process

Back 73

permineralization

Front 74

The eastern boundary of the North American Plate is

Back 74

mid-atlantic ridge

Front 75

Which of the following can not be dated using the carbon-14 age-dating technique

Back 75

granite

Front 76

This feature is where the North American Plate is sliding laterally past the Pacific Plate (transform plate boundary)

Back 76

San Andreas Fault

Front 77

The short half-life of carbon-14 limits the use of this technique to generally dating materials less than 50,000 to 60,000 years old.

Back 77

true

Front 78

Which of the following would you be least likely to find in amber

Back 78

a fish

Front 79

Fossils are preserved in sedimentary rocks

Back 79

true

Front 80

The dinosaurs evolved during the_______ Period.

Back 80

Late Triassic

Front 81

Sediments rich in iron and weathered in tropical and subtropical environments tend to produce sedimentary rocks with what dominant color:

Back 81

red

Front 82

Hydrolysis is the major agent of weathering in cool climates

Back 82

False

Front 83

Castle San Marcos in St. Augustine is constructed from this sedimentary rock which is comprised of poorly cemented shells of near shore marine animals

Back 83

coquina

Front 84

Leaf characteristics of fossilized plants are very indicative of temperature range, rainfall amounts, and climate zones

Back 84

true

Front 85

By the _______ a narrow central Atlantic Ocean formed, separating Africa from eastern North America.

Back 85

late jurassic

Front 86

Chemical weathering produces clay minerals, various ions in solutions, and soluble compounds

Back 86

true

Front 87

_______ weathering processes are those physical processes that cause rock to break or disintegrate into smaller and smaller fragments.

Back 87

mechanical

Front 88

Continental landmasses merged into this single large landmass prior to the evolution of dinosaurs:

Back 88

pangea

Front 89

Which of the following is not a detrital sedimentary rock:

Back 89

chalk

Front 90

The discovery of these features from the ocean basins was the key to the seafloor spreading hypothesis and unlocking the secrets of plate tectonics:

Back 90

magnetic anomalies

Front 91

A horizon between rocks or sediments with distinctly different ages is called a

Back 91

hiatus

Front 92

During the Mesozoic, North America was near the equator

Back 92

true

Front 93

The chemical weathering process of solution is a dominant weathering process where surface rocks are composed of

Back 93

limestone

Front 94

Graded bedding is characterized by

Back 94

upward decrease in grain size

Front 95

The Australian plate still moves northward today. This northward motion is being accommodated by subduction under _______, causing the mountainous terrain, high seismicity, and volcanism

Back 95

Indonesia

Front 96

Most fossil mineral replacement takes place above the water table:

Back 96

false

Front 97

____ is a soft chemical sedimentary rock composed almost entirely of the calcium carbonate skeletons of microscopic marine phytoplankton (coccolithophores)

Back 97

chalk

Front 98

A sediment comprised mostly of clay would be changed into what kind of sedimentary rock through compaction and lithification

Back 98

mudstone or shale

Front 99

During which of these geologic periods was the Atlantic at its widest

Back 99

cretaceous

Front 100

Earthquakes and volcanoes are more common around the Pacific than the Atlantic because of the subduction of lithosphere into trenches

Back 100

true

Front 101

Which of the following is not a type of unconformity?

Back 101

tortconformity

Front 102

the three geologic periods of the Mesozoic Era are (from oldest to youngest):

Back 102

triassic, jurassic, cretaceous

Front 103

Limonite or goethite lends a red or pink color to rock

Back 103

false

Front 104

Iron can cause green, purple, and black color in rocks

Back 104

true

Front 105

Although insects are some 75 percent of all living species, they are far fewer than 1 percent of described fossil species

Back 105

true

Front 106

Fossils made of pyrite (fools gold) have been preserved by

Back 106

replacement

Front 107

Which of the following is not a former portion of Gondwana landmass:

Back 107

europe

Front 108

This sedimentary rock forms from the evaporation of sea water

Back 108

gypsum

Front 109

Clay and quartz are common products of long-term chemical weathering

Back 109

TRUE

Front 110

The concentration of nitrogen ions in a solution determines the acidity so the greater the concentration of nitrogen ions the greater the acidity

Back 110

False

Front 111

Water expands by 25% when it freezes.

Back 111

False

Front 112

Which of the following is not a cause of mechanical weathering

Back 112

Oxidation (rock expansion litostatic pressure changes and abrasion is)

Front 113

slabs of rock slip, slide, or break off large rock masses along concentric joints in a process called

Back 113

exfoliation

Front 114

Solution is a major chemical weathering process in regions with large exposures of surficial limestones.

Back 114

True

Front 115

is the reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions of water and a mineral’s ions.

Back 115

hydrolisis

Front 116

The processes by which rocks and minerals at the surface of the Earth are broken down into smaller rocks and eventually into soils is collectively referred to as the processes of

Back 116

weathering

Front 117

Running water, wind, and glaciers transport weathered products elsewhere, where they are deposited to form sediments and later become _____ as sedimentary rocks.

Back 117

lithified

Front 118

Mechanical weathering dominates over chemical weathering in warm climates

Back 118

false

Front 119

Acids produced by decaying plant material and the organisms feeding on it help dissolve cements and rocks

Back 119

True

Front 120

Joints are always pathways for mechanical and chemical weathering and over time can even determine the location of river and drainage systems

Back 120

True

Front 121

Weathering and erosion produce sediments that later form sedimentary rocks

Back 121

TRUE

Front 122

Claystones do not exhibit fissility but break into blocky masses

Back 122

True

Front 123

Shale differs from mudstone by breaking into smaller pieces along bedding planes. This breakage characteristic is called

Back 123

fissility

Front 124

_______sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of minerals and rock fragments eroded from pre-existing rocks (metamorphic, sedimentary, or igneous) or their weathered by-products.

Back 124

detrial

Front 125

Lithostatic pressure is the pressure resulting from the weight of the overlying rocks

Back 125

true

Front 126

Which of the following is a poorly-sorted detrital sedimentary rock?

Back 126

a congolomerate

Front 127

Most chemical sedimentary rocks form from precipitation from solution in fresh water (lakes, rivers, caves, springs) or in the sea

Back 127

True

Front 128

______sedimentary rocks form from the organic or inorganic precipitation of minerals from an aqueous solution or the accumulation of organic matter.

Back 128

chemical

Front 129

Dolomite differs from limestone in that some of the calcium has been replaced by magnesium changing it to magnesium carbonate CaMg (CO3)2

Back 129

True

Front 130

A ______ limestone is composed to a large extent by the skeletal remains of invertebrate fossils (corals, sponges, bryozoans, pelecypods, echinoida, etc.)

Back 130

bioclastic

Front 131

is a biochemical sedimentary rock composed of combustible material derived from the partial decomposition of plants.

Back 131

coal

Front 132

Sediments are converted to sedimentary rocks and account for 75% of exposed rocks on the Earth’s surface.

Back 132

True

Front 133

Chert has a concoidal fracture pattern, making it easy to work into tools and projectiles (arrowheads, scrapers, etc.)

Back 133

True

Front 134

Sedimentary rocks have two types of texture: clastic (or detrital) and non-clastic (crystalline

Back 134

True

Front 135

The process of binding the grains together is _______ where minerals are precipitated in the pore spaces.

Back 135

cementation

Front 136

Some sedimentary rocks begins as the weathered products of existing rocks

Back 136

true

Front 137

A conglomerate is composted predominantly of rounded to subrounded clasts, a significant proportion being gravel size

Back 137

true

Front 138

Sorting refers to the range of particle density in a clastic sediment or sedimentary rock

Back 138

false

Front 139

The sphericity of a particle is the degree to which the shape of the particle approaches the form of a sphere

Back 139

True

Front 140

is a detrital sedimentary rock formed by cementation of individual grains ranging in size from 1/16 to 2 mm

Back 140

sandstone

Front 141

The White Cliffs of Dover are composed of this type of sedimentary rock made up of the calcium carbonate skeletal remains of microscopic marine algae

Back 141

chalk

Front 142

_____is the most common chemical sedimentary rock.

Back 142

limestone

Front 143

Unconsolidated sediments (mud) are turned into sedimentary rocks (shale) by a process called

Back 143

lithification

Front 144

____are finely-bedded sedimentary rocks (usually claystone to siltstones) often alternating between carbon-rich and carbon-poor beds.

Back 144

varves

Front 145

Marine vertebrate fossils in Mesozoic sedimentary rocks include turtles, fish, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, icthyosaurs. All were nektonic (free swimming) and had global distribution

Back 145

true

Front 146

a _____ refers to the accumulation of deposits that exhibits specific characteristics, reflecting a specific environment, and grading into other sedimentary accumulation formed at the same time but with different characteristics.

Back 146

A Sediemtary facis

Front 147

Sedimentary rocks rich in volcanic ash tend to have light greenish to blueish-green hues

Back 147

true

Front 148

) Deltas are large bodies of sediment deposited where streams of rivers empty into lakes or the sea.

Back 148

true

Front 149

Distrubed beds are usually mixed or contorted in some manner. They indicate proximity to unstable sediment sources or disturbances by earthquakes and volcanoes

Back 149

true

Front 150

Dinosaur remains are commonly found in eolian-derived sedimentary rock

Back 150

false

Front 151

Invertebrate fossils are less common from the marine realm than from the terrestrial environments

Back 151

false

Front 152

The colors of sedimentary rocks are reflections of the climate and environments they form in and the composition of the sediments within them

Back 152

true

Front 153

Spores and pollen can be found in the fossil excrement of dinosaurs (called coprolites

Back 153

true

Front 154

_____sediments are usually fine-grained and converted into shales and siltstones, sandstones, and coal.

Back 154

deltaic

Front 155

Current ripples are asymmetrical

Back 155

true

Front 156

____are essentially little waves of sand that develop on a depositional surface

Back 156

ripple marks

Front 157

_____occur on the base of beds (usually siltstone of sandstone) and represent a filling of a groove, track, or depression of the underling bed.

Back 157

sole marks

Front 158

______are sub-polygonal shrinkage cracks produced by the drying of clay-rich sediment.

Back 158

mud cracks

Front 159

Correlations of ancient or fossil tracks, trails, and burrows with those in modern environments have allowed scientists to use these trace fossils to interpret such ancient environmental factors as diverse as water and sediment oxygen levels.

Back 159

true

Front 160

____describes beds at an inclination to the horizontal.

Back 160

cross bedding

Front 161

_____occur where there is an even back-and-forth motion of water or air, as offshore just outside the surf zone.

Back 161

oscillation ripples

Front 162

_____is a clay formed by the alteration of volcanic ash.

Back 162

bentonite

Front 163

_____ is a viscous hydrocarbon that escapes through fractures or faults from underground hydrocarbon sources.

Back 163

Tar

Front 164

76) Hillsides are good for fossil collecting, particularly where there is erosion

Back 164

True

Front 165

77) Silica replacement of marine fossils is relatively uncommon

Back 165

False

Front 166

78) Leaves, crustaceans, fish, and insects are often carbonized.

Back 166

True

Front 167

79) Common microfossils made of silica are ___.

Back 167

Diatoms and radiolarians

Front 168

80) A fossil is any evidence, direct or indirect, of the existence of organisms in prehistoric time.

Back 168

true

Front 169

81) _____ are the fossilized solid excretory products of animals.

Back 169

Coprolites

Front 170

82) Ice age mammoths and rhinoceroses found frozen in Siberia are not considered fossils.

Back 170

False

Front 171

83) If a leaf falls into wet concrete and leaves an impression, this impression would be an example of a ___.

Back 171

External Mold

Front 172

84) Permineralization makes fossil bone denser than living bone.

Back 172

True

Front 173

85) Each of the following are factors that inhibit preservation except _____.

Back 173

Anaerobic

Front 174

87) In the process of replacement the original microstructure is usually destroyed

Back 174

False

Front 175

88) An external mold is formed by dissolution of the shell of the former interior and shell area with sediment or minerals

Back 175

False

Front 176

89) Most ____ is the hardened resin of conifer trees

Back 176

amber

Front 177

90) Each of the following are factors that enhance preservation except ___.

Back 177

High acid content

Front 178

91) Pyritization is the process where the original material of the skeleton or sometimes soft tissue becomes replaced or coated with pyrite during fossilization.

Back 178

True

Front 179

92) Most dinosaur bones are carbonized.

Back 179

false

Front 180

93) Vertebrate fossils are never found in peat

Back 180

False

Front 181

94) Dinosaur footprints are not considered fossils

Back 181

False

Front 182

96) Teeth are commonly made of ____ and are often preserved in their unaltered mineralogy

Back 182

calcium phosphate

Front 183

97) Pleistocene vertebrates have been recovered from the tar pit at this site

Back 183

Rancho la brea of Los Angeles

Front 184

98) ____ is the process of removal of the original skeletal material and simultaneous atom-by-atom secondary replacement of another mineral.

Back 184

Replacement

Front 185

99) ___ is the process by which the soft tissue is preserved as a carbon film by volatilization of the hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Back 185

carbonization

Front 186

100) Oceanic crustal ages are the youngest near ridges and progressively older away from them

Back 186

true

Front 187

101) Trenches are zones of high heat flow—

Back 187

false

Front 188

102) Major zones of earthquakes occur near trenches where a zone of dipping shallow, intermediate and deep earthquakes defines a ______ of seismicity

Back 188

Benioff Zone

Front 189

103) Zones of Oceanic crust with normal polarity produce positive magnetic anomalies and zones with reverse polarity produce negative anomalies-

Back 189

True

Front 190

104) Fracture zones on the sea floor are parallel to the direction of plate motion

Back 190

True

Front 191

105) Deep sea trenches are long narrow and deep bathymetric depression associated with volcanic arcs that together mark a collisional zone where one _____ plate is subducted under another

Back 191

lithospheric

Front 192

106) Modern reefs are generally restricted between 30 degrees north and south latitudes in water warmer than 70 degrees

Back 192

true

Front 193

107) When magma cools to form a volcanic rock, it aquires the magnetic signature of the current magnetic field of today. The magnetic field of today has _______ polarity

Back 193

normal

Front 194

108) A _______ is a boundary between two plates that are moving toward one another-

Back 194

convergent plate boundary

Front 195

109) J. Tuzo Wilson hypothesized that the Pacific Plate was moving over a stationary______ in the mantle where there was a localized source of heat energy. (thermal or mantle plume)-

Back 195

hot spot

Front 196

110) Ice sheets deposit unique deposits of unsorted rocks called_______

Back 196

glacial till

Front 197

111) Zones of similar geologic history and age occur on opposite margins of the Atlantic in conjugate positions

Back 197

true

Front 198

112) Oceanic ______ are the deepest regions of the oceanic basins

Back 198

trenches

Front 199

113) Positive magnetic anormalies are placed where the magnetic field intensity is lowest-

Back 199

false

Front 200

115) ______ was a synapsid plant-eater and is found in Permian rocks in Africa, Madagascar, India, and Antarctica

Back 200

lystrosaurus

Front 201

116) Sediment thickness decreases away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and reaches minimum thickness along the adjacent continental margins.-

Back 201

false

Front 202

117) When lithosphere with oceanic crust meets lithosphere with continental crust, a trench forms and the denser oceanic lithosphere is subducted

Back 202

true

Front 203

118) ________ was a small fresh water reptile from the early Permian of coastal Brazil and West Africa.

Back 203

mesosaurus

Front 204

119) The ________ is the ridged outer layer from the earth’s surface down to the Asthenosphere

Back 204

Lithosphere

Front 205

120) Dead coral reefs on guyots (flat-top volcanic seamounts believed to be wave-cut) occur well below present sea level

Back 205

true

Front 206

121) The greatest global concentration of volcanoes is around the rim of the Pacific where there concentration is referred to as the _________.

Back 206

Ring of Fire

Front 207

122) Heat-driven convection in the asthenosphere, or the entire mantle, is a fundamental cause of plate motion

Back 207

true

Front 208

123) The concept of___________ was introduced to account for the origin and pattern of magnetic anomalies

Back 208

Seafloor Spreading

Front 209

124) The direction of plate motion is parallel to the ridge crest generating the plate.-

Back 209

false

Front 210

125) A___________ is where new crust is created as plates move apart

Back 210

Divergent Plate Boundary

Front 211

126) After the disappearance of the late Paleozoic ice sheets in the southern hemisphere, an assemblage of seed ferns spread throughout portions of south America South Africa Australia India and Antarctica. This flora is known as the _______ flora

Back 211

Glossopteris

Front 212

127) _________ refers to the force imparted on a plate by the gravity-driven subduction of a cold dense slab of lithosphere surrounded by warmer asthhenosphere, thus pulling the rest od the plate along as it descends into the athenosphere.

Back 212

slab pull

Front 213

129) Oceanic __________ are the largest bathymetric features in the ocean basins.

Back 213

ridges

Front 214

130) During the Late Cretaceous, Antarctica began separating from Australia.

Back 214

True

Front 215

131) During the Late Jurassic, North America separated from South America as the ______ began forming.

Back 215

Gulf of Mexico

Front 216

132) _______ was comprised of Europe, part of Asia, Greenland, and North America.

Back 216

Laurasia

Front 217

133) By the Late Jurassic, the Atlantic had not yet formed north of Spain

Back 217

True

Front 218

134) During the ________ the South Atlantic Ocean widened rapidly

Back 218

Cretaceous

Front 219

135) The large Pangaean supercontinent, with only a few stray landmasses unassembled, extended from pole to pole.

Back 219

true

Front 220

136) An east-west indentation into Pangaea, called the ______ began to form during the Early Triassic.

Back 220

tethys sea

Front 221

137) Most of Australia’s separation from Antarctica occurred during the ________.

Back 221

cenozoic

Front 222

139) At the beginning of the ________ Period (245 million years ago), all landmasses were assembled into a single continent called Pangaea.

Back 222

Triassic

Front 223

140) During the Late Triassic, _________ began to split portions of Pangaea apart.

Back 223

Rifting

Front 224

141) The ________ ended about 65 million years ago with the mass extinction that ended the reign of dinosaurs.

Back 224

Cretaceous

Front 225

142) During the Cretaceous, North America was still connected to Europe and Asia

Back 225

True

Front 226

143) Europe separated from Greenland before or after the age of dinosaurs?

Back 226

After

Front 227

144) Late Cretaceous rifting and seafloor spreading also began to separate Greenland from North America by formation of the ___________.

Back 227

Labrador Sea

Front 228

145) Enormous rift systems began splitting up some of the Pangaean supercontinent late in the _______ period.

Back 228

Triassic

Front 229

146) During the cretaceous Period India separated from Madagascar and began moving north (from Antarctica) to collide with Asia after extinction of dinosaurs.

Back 229

True

Front 230

the ______ Era includes that interval of time since the extinctions that ended the Mesozoic

Back 230

Cenozoic

Front 231

148) Pangea was surrounded by the _______ Ocean.

Back 231

Panthalassa

Front 232

149) During the Cretaceous, South America was completely disconnected from Antarctica as a large island continent.

Back 232

False

Front 233

1. At the peak of Mesozoic warmth, in the Cretaceous, the pole-to-equator temperature gradient was probably no more than ____ degrees C.

Back 233

20

Front 234

2. The Tethys Seaway divided Africa from Europe in the Middle Jurassic, separating African dinosaurs from their cousins to the north

Back 234

true

Front 235

3. Plate tectonic events inhibited early dinosaur dispersal

Back 235

false

Front 236

4. If the average rate of seafloor spreading increases on a global basis, ridge volume decreases

Back 236

false

Front 237

5. At their maximum, Cretaceous seas covered approximately half of the present land area of the earth.

Back 237

false

Front 238

6. During the Triassic, Gondwana was north of the equator

Back 238

false

Front 239

7. The lack of global glaciation can cause major major flooding of continents

Back 239

true

Front 240

8. During the Early Cretaceous, conifers became dominant over cycads

Back 240

true

Front 241

9. During the Late Jurassic, an interior seaway called the _______ Sea formed in North America, extending from the Arctic almost to the Gulf of Mexico

Back 241

sundance

Front 242

10. The Late Jurassic partial breakup of Pangaea and higher sea level increased the proximity of large land areas to the moisture of the ocean; as a result, climate became more continental (warmer with less seasonality) and drier

Back 242

False

Front 243

During the Jurassic, western North America was covered by expansive eolian sands.

Back 243

True

Front 244

12. Rocks of the Upper Jurassic contain more diverse and abundant dinosaur fossils than those of the earlier Jurassic.

Back 244

True

Front 245

13. The continued warm climate of the Late Cretaceous, combined with higher than average seafloor spreading rates, resulted in the highest sea level of the Mesozoic.

Back 245

True

Front 246

14. Monsoons are caused by seasonal differences in temperatures and atmospheric pressure between oceans and continents.

Back 246

true

Front 247

15. The rise of Late Jurassic sea level continued into the Cretaceous

Back 247

True

Front 248

For most of the Mesozoic, ________ occurred along the western margin of North America causing the formation of volcanic arcs and numerous collisional events of volcanic arcs and microcontinents.

Back 248

subduction

Front 249

17. During the Late Cretaceous, forests grew in coastal Antarctica and in Canada as far north as 85 degrees N latitude

Back 249

true

Front 250

18. Dry and hot desert conditions persisted in many interior continental areas of Pangaea during the Early and Middle Jurassic

Back 250

True

Front 251

19. Higher average temperatures cause some expansion of ocean waters and raise sea levels

Back 251

true

Front 252

During the Cretaceous, cool temperate forests covered the polar regions where there are seasonal snowfall and thick ice sheets.

Back 252

false

Front 253

During the Jurassic, western North America was covered by expansive eolian sands.

Back 253

True

Front 254

12. Rocks of the Upper Jurassic contain more diverse and abundant dinosaur fossils than those of the earlier Jurassic.

Back 254

True

Front 255

13. The continued warm climate of the Late Cretaceous, combined with higher than average seafloor spreading rates, resulted in the highest sea level of the Mesozoic.

Back 255

True

Front 256

14. Monsoons are caused by seasonal differences in temperatures and atmospheric pressure between oceans and continents.

Back 256

true

Front 257

15. The rise of Late Jurassic sea level continued into the Cretaceous

Back 257

True

Front 258

For most of the Mesozoic, ________ occurred along the western margin of North America causing the formation of volcanic arcs and numerous collisional events of volcanic arcs and microcontinents.

Back 258

subduction

Front 259

17. During the Late Cretaceous, forests grew in coastal Antarctica and in Canada as far north as 85 degrees N latitude

Back 259

true

Front 260

18. Dry and hot desert conditions persisted in many interior continental areas of Pangaea during the Early and Middle Jurassic

Back 260

True

Front 261

19. Higher average temperatures cause some expansion of ocean waters and raise sea levels

Back 261

true

Front 262

During the Cretaceous, cool temperate forests covered the polar regions where there are seasonal snowfall and thick ice sheets.

Back 262

false

Front 263

21. During the Triassic, sea level was higher than today but lower than the later Mesozoic.

Back 263

true

Front 264

24. The Connecticut River Valley was a Mesozoic ________ containing abundant dinosaur footprints

Back 264

rift basin

Front 265

26. Higher Late Jurassic sea level flooded the low-lying portions of continents creating____ sea

Back 265

an epicontinental

Front 266

27. Although Pangaea was beginning to rift apart in the ____, the still-connected continents facilitate widespread dispersal of the dinosaurs

Back 266

Triassic

Front 267

28. The average elevation of physiographic regions of the ocean basins can change over time, as a consequence of changes in the rates of______

Back 267

seafloor spreading

Front 268

29. By the middle Jurassic, sea level began to rise again, continuing to a high level in the _____

Back 268

Late Cretaceous

Front 269

30. Closer toward the margins of Pangaea, _______climates of altering wet and dry seasons were common

Back 269

Monsoonal

Front 270

Flowering trees and grasses evolved during the Middle Triassic

Back 270

False

Front 271

The average dinosaur skeletons contain approximately 300 bones

Back 271

True

Front 272

The relative size of dinosaur bones with respect to each other in a single individual stayed the same during all stages of growth from a juvenile to an adult

Back 272

False

Front 273

) A large interior seaway occurred during the Mesozoic along what region of North America?

Back 273

a north-south corridor that encompasses much of today’s Rocky Mt. states northward into Alberta and all the way to the Arctic.)

Front 274

Simple non-vascular plants like bryophytes were among the earliest land plants

Back 274

True

Front 275

The majority of dinosaur eggs have embryos in them

Back 275

False

Front 276

Textured skin decreases the surface area of a dinosaur’s skin more so than if it were smooth.

Back 276

False

Front 277

Late Cretaceous sea level was so high that it flooded the entire Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains of the United States

Back 277

True

Front 278

If paleontologist’s interpretation of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms is correct, its phylogeny is (________, containing a group of organisms with a single ancestor and containing all the descendants of the ancestor.

Back 278

monophyletic

Front 279

Othniel Charles Mash (1831-1899) was a professor of paleontology at the Peabody Museum of this university

Back 279

Yale

Front 280

The great clade of Reptilia amniotes includes:

Back 280

(crocodiles, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and birds

Front 281

) In the Ornithischia the pelvis (Ischia) is like that of birds (ornithos), and at least a part of the pelvis runs posteriorly

Back 281

true

Front 282

Synapsids are very diverse and underwent evolutionary radiation during the Early Paleozoic Era.

Back 282

false

Front 283

This method of determining the phylogeny or the genealogy of fossils is based upon a statistical evaluation of their shared unique features or evolutionary novelties

Back 283

cladistic analysis

Front 284

Among the primary bones of a dinosaur forelimb and feet are the

Back 284

humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, and metacarpals)

Front 285

Dinosaurs are classified into two distinct orders based upon the characteristics or arrangement of their:

Back 285

pelvic bones

Front 286

The three bones of the dinosaur pelvis merge to create an opening for the ball of the femur to fit into. This opening is called the:

Back 286

acetebulum

Front 287

Which of the following is an amniotic tetrapod?

Back 287

dinosaur

Front 288

For a while, feathered dinosaurs, true birds, and pterodactyls all were living at the same time: (

Back 288

true

Front 289

Our solar system is about 4.6 billion years old

Back 289

true

Front 290

Which of the following is a non-amniotic animal?

Back 290

frog

Front 291

A section of Darwin’s evidence regarding evolution entitled “Rudimentary, atrophied, or aborted organs” referred to the remnants, or vestiges of features no longer used.

Back 291

True

Front 292

The prominent place of dinosaurs in our museums today is a legacy of Cope and Marsh, two men who brought natural history into the lives of every child of generations to come

Back 292

true

Front 293

) The individual’s experiments in cross-breeding pea plants led to the establishment of some of the basic laws of inheritance and the advent of modern genetic science

Back 293

Gregor Mendel

Front 294

) Which of the following is false
-dinos capable of powered flight
- dinosaurs exhibit examples of all five stages in the evolution of feathers,
- downy featheres evolved for insulation,
- one feathered dinosaur was capable of gliding

Back 294

dinosaurs are capable of powered fight

Front 295

Which individual had his scientific ideas shaped by a lengthy scientific voyage aboard the H.M.S. Beagle:

Back 295

Darwin

Front 296

The outer layers of a plaster jacket can be removed with a chisel and hammer, but the inside layers must be removed using more precise tools such as a

Back 296

Dental Cutting Wheel

Front 297

Sea level was highest during this Mesozoic Period when there was little glaciations and fast sea-floor spreading rates

Back 297

Cretaceous

Front 298

Which of the following areas was not among the three new major dinosaur discoveries of 1877 that involved collectors Marsh and Cope:

Back 298

The Red River, Alberta

Front 299

) During which geologic period did flowering plants first evolve

Back 299

Cretaceous

Front 300

The most common dinosaur skin texture illustrated in the text resembles the surface texture of a

Back 300

football or basketball

Front 301

Thousands of dinosaur bones were sent back to eastern museums from Como Bluffs by way

Back 301

train

Front 302

Most dinosaur eggs are the size of a shot put or softball and are spherical to slightly prolate. (True)

Back 302

true

Front 303

The first dinosaur bones described in scientific publication were found in this country:

Back 303

England

Front 304

Which of the following statements is false:
-dinosaurs rarely exhibited nesting site fidelity
-dinosaur eggs have pores,
- a group of dinosaur eggs in a nest is called a clutch,
- dinosaur eggs rarely contain and embryo,
-a group of nests at a single nesting site is called a rookery

Back 304

dinosaurs rarely exhibited nesting site fidelity

Front 305

) In 1912, Osborn concluded from a comparison of the distribution, density, and size of skin texture between dinosaurs and modern reptiles that dinosaurs

Back 305

may have had similar variations in skin pigmentations

Front 306

Human beings, hummingbirds, crocodiles, and whales are all amniotes.

Back 306

true

Front 307

Geographic isolation of some of the population of a species can lead to speciation or the creation of a new species

Back 307

true

Front 308

_____grow in wet or damp areas often carpeting rocks and decaying wood on the forest floor.

Back 308

Sphagnum mosses

Front 309

the earliest forests on earth were what type of plants?

Back 309

spore-producing plants that lived in wet lowlands)

Front 310

Openings in the skulls of dinosaurs (other than for the eyes and nose) are called

Back 310

fenestrae

Front 311

Licenses are often required for import and export of equipment and fossils

Back 311

true

Front 312

The radius is the larger of the two lower forearms/forelegs

Back 312

false

Front 313

) Cycads and ginkgoes were common Mesozoic plants and still can be found in gville

Back 313

true

Front 314

The video that Dr. shot in the Collecting Dinosaurs topic 12 was taken in this dinosaur quarry

Back 314

(Mygatt-Moore Quarry on the Colorado/Utah border)

Front 315

This type of map shows the geologic ages and topographic relief in an area:

Back 315

geologic map

Front 316

Global sea level has been relatively constant throughout geologic history

Back 316

false

Front 317

More dinosaur nests and eggs have been in this country than any other

Back 317

china

Front 318

Darwin noted that in the struggle for life not all offspring survive, in fact there is a high mortality rate and only those that are the_____ survive

Back 318

fittest

Front 319

Dinosaur remains are typically found in remote areas away from major population centers

Back 319

True

Front 320

31. ______are seed-producing plants where the seed is exposed (not enclosed, e.g, woody scales of pine cone).-

Back 320

Gymnosperms

Front 321

32. All the modern conifer families were already members of the Early Mesozoic landscape—

Back 321

True

Front 322

33. An ancient group of conifers is the family ______ that still grows today in the Southern Hemisphere. –

Back 322

Araucariaceae

Front 323

34. Fossil fruit has never been in Mesozoic sedimentary rocks

Back 323

false

Front 324

35. The angiosperm reproductive system is enhanced by insect pollination

Back 324

true

Front 325

36. The first large forests of vascular plants filled wetlands during the _______ period. –

Back 325

devonian

Front 326

37. ________ are seedless, spore-producing vascular plants whose reproductive systems ties them to moist environments—

Back 326

ferns

Front 327

During the __________, angiosperms began overcoming non-flowering plants as the dominant land plants—

Back 327

cretaceous

Front 328

39. For most of Earth history, the land has been virtually void of all plant life

Back 328

true

Front 329

40. Spores are produced in structures called _________ (e.g., the prominent brown spots on the underside of fern fronds). –

Back 329

sporangia

Front 330

High-browsing _______declined markedly between the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.

Back 330

sauropods

Front 331

____________are cone-bearing gymnosperms with seeds resting on the projecting scales of their cones.—

Back 331

conifers

Front 332

The ancient group of conifers known as Aracuarinaceae survive today in natural habitat and are most common in this region of the world

Back 332

southern hemisphere

Front 333

These plants are small and low-growing because they lack a water vascular system—

Back 333

bryophytes

Front 334

________plants are those lacking specialized cells for the movement of nutrients and water—

Back 334

non vascular

Front 335

47. Sphagnum or Peat moss is an example of a __________.

Back 335

bryophyte

Front 336

48. Seedless vascular plants were the earliest land plants

Back 336

false

Front 337

49. Ferns are ancient plants dating back long before dinosaurs

Back 337

true

Front 338

50. The Late Triassic decline in the distribution and abundance of these plants may be the result of increased grazing by dinosaur herbivores

Back 338

seed ferns

Front 339

51. Seed ferns are among the earliest seed-producing plants

Back 339

true

Front 340

52. The elevation above which trees cannot grow because of snow and very cold temperatures is known as the ________. –

Back 340

tree line

Front 341

53. The earliest vascular plants date back to the _________ period

Back 341

silurian

Front 342

54. Each nucleus contains protein strands of nucleic material called chromosomes that have paired strands of large molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid and known by the abbreviation DNA

Back 342

True

Front 343

55. Sympatric and allopatric speciation are forms of ____________.

Back 343

Phyletic Gradualism

Front 344

56. The natural variability of inherited characteristics of a species is known as its ______________.

Back 344

Phenotypic Variation

Front 345

57. Cladistic analysis is ill-suited to determine phylogeny

Back 345

false

Front 346

58. A system of biological classification was established by __________ in the eighteenth century

Back 346

Carolus Linnaeus

Front 347

59. When dealing with extinct groups of organisms, what constitutes a new species is based on anatomical or morphological differences.

Back 347

true

Front 348

60. Charles Darwin discovered the basic laws of heredity

Back 348

false

Front 349

61. Prior to Charles Darwin’s famous book, another naturalist had already begun the discussion on the nature of the origin of new species.

Back 349

true

Front 350

62. Both sympatric and allopathic speciation are considered to be forms of phyletic gradualism because they would produce in the fossil record a full range of intermediate forms between the ancestor and descendent species.

Back 350

true

Front 351

63. During replication of DNA, the two strands of the DNA double helix separate along the bases, producing a single-stranded near-replica of itself, RNA, which is the genetic code messenger to the _______

Back 351

ribosome

Front 352

64. Mendel suggested that flowers have two possible genetic factors with a dominant _______ and a recessive ______ and that the color of the offspring’s flower could be predicted mathematically based upon the possible combinations of recessive and dominant genes.

Back 352

allele

Front 353

65. In the 1970s a form of speciation was propose called _________

Back 353

Punctuated equilibrium

Front 354

66. DNA is located in the cell nucleus and is composed of two helical spiral strands known double helix

Back 354

true

Front 355

67. _________ makes species better suited to their environment and prevents less adapted members from reproducing.

Back 355

natural selection

Front 356

An Essay on the Principles of Population by ________ in 1798 states that populations increase geometrically while food increases arithmetically, and there
is a continuous struggle for food

Back 356

Thomas Malthus

Front 357

69. The first part of a species name indicates the family the species belongs to

Back 357

false

Front 358

70. Stratophenetic techniques have replaced cladistic analysis in modern studies of dinosaur phylogeny

Back 358

false

Front 359

72. Non-amniotic tetrapods have a reproductive link to water because they lay unprotected eggs which quickly dessicate out of water

Back 359

true

Front 360

73. The Reptilia include two important clades, the anapsida and the diapsida, and all their descendants

Back 360

true

Front 361

74. Dimetrodon was one of the first big land carnivores able to kill large prey

Back 361

true

Front 362

75. The dinosaurs arose from the amniota clade which divided into two major clades, the Avian and the Reptilia.

Back 362

false

Front 363

76. Modern and fossil turtles are anapsids and_________.

Back 363

lack skull fenestra

Front 364

77. These marine reptile groups are diapsids.

Back 364

Ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs.

Front 365

78. The ancestry of dinosaurs has the tetrapoda divided into two major groups, the non-amniotes and the amniotes

Back 365

true

Front 366

79. All mammals are synapsids

Back 366

true

Front 367

80. The _______ gave rise to lepidosauromorphia, archosauria, dinosaurian, and pterosauria.

Back 367

diapsida

Front 368

81. Living groups of non-amniotic tetrapods, or the modern Amphibia are now placed in the lissamphibia.

Back 368

true

Front 369

82. Tetrapods include all four-legged land vertabrates.

Back 369

true

Front 370

83. The term dinosaurian was coined by this man to refer to a group of distinct archosaurian reptiles with upright posture.

Back 370

Sir Richard Owen

Front 371

84. Amniotes are all vertebrates that possess an extra embryonic layer called an archosaurion.

Back 371

false

Front 372

85. This order of dinosaur has “the pubis directed forward…and no posterior limb of the bone (pubis) is developed. “To put it in other words, the pubis is directed forward (anteriorly and slightly downward and the ischium points back

Back 372

Saurishia

Front 373

86. This synapsid is a pelycosaur with a large, narrow head bearing dagger-like teeth and long neural spines on the vertebrae, giving the back a sail-like appearance.

Back 373

Dimetrodon

Front 374

87. Topographic maps reveal changes in elevation, roads, trails, structures, political boundaries, springs, wells, etc

Back 374

true

Front 375

88. ____ is the mass of sediment sitting atop the dinosaur skeleton.

Back 375

overburden

Front 376

89. The process of dinosaur excavation begins by marking out the site to be excavated.

Back 376

true

Front 377

90. In the field, jacketed bones are isolated on a pedestal to ____.

Back 377

facilitate turning them over

Front 378

91. The Mygatt-Moore Quarry shown in the video is located _____.

Back 378

utah-colorado border

Front 379

92. United States scientists obtain most of their funding from which one of the following sources?

Back 379

the national science foundation

Front 380

93. Which of the following tools are used to remove sedimentary rock from around dinosaur bones?

Back 380

all of these

Front 381

94. Regions of topographic maps with contours close together represent flatter topography than regions where they are widely spaced.

Back 381

false

Front 382

95. Dinosaur bones with numerous fractures are stabilized prior to removal from the excavation site by ____.

Back 382

brushing a synthetic glue on them

Front 383

96. Geologic maps are useful in identifying rocks of Mesozoic age for examination of dinosaur remains.

Back 383

true

Front 384

97. By downloading topographic maps to a GPS unit you can plot your route and position on a topographic map in real time.

Back 384

true

Front 385

98. Topographic maps can provide information about the lateral extent of formations and their ages in a given geographic region.

Back 385

false

Front 386

99. At modern dinosaur excavation sites, the area being excavated is divided into a measured grid so the location and position of all bones can be recorded.

Back 386

true

Front 387

100. Heavy equipment (backhoes, bulldozers, etc.) is never used to remove thick sequences of overburden covering dinosaur bones.

Back 387

false

Front 388

101. By the end of the 1930s, much of the rich diversity of dinosaurs was beginning to be exposed.

Back 388

True

Front 389

102. The term “dinosaur” derives from the Greek word “dinosaurian” which means fighting lizard

Back 389

False

Front 390

103. The Cope and Marsh discoveries in Colorado and Wyoming were from the Triassic.

Back 390

False

Front 391

104. Richard Owen coined the term Dinosauria.

Back 391

True

Front 392

105. The American Museum of Natural History expeditions to Asia, led by Roy Chapman Andrews, collected in __________

Back 392

The Gobi Desert of China and Mongolia

Front 393

106. Between 1910 and 1917, a great Canadian dinosaur rush began where?

Back 393

the red deer river valley

Front 394

107. In 1858 the first relatively complete dinosaur to be found in the United States was found in this eastern state.

Back 394

New Jersey

Front 395

108. The first relatively complete dinosaur skeleton was completed in 1883.

Back 395

True

Front 396

109. Numerous dinosaurs were found in 1877 in a Bernissart, Belgium ___________.

Back 396

Coal Mine

Front 397

110. The first credited publication of dinosaur remains was by Solomon Ellsworth, Jr., in 1818.

Back 397

False

Front 398

111. In the years 1877 and 1878 large-scale discoveries of dinosaurs in Europe and the United States offered the first large-scale glimpse of whole dinosaurs.

Back 398

true

Front 399

112. This individual described the first relatively complete North American dinosaur and later became the president of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

Back 399

Joseph Leidy

Front 400

113. The journal of this famous expedition suggests it may have discovered dinosaur bones though none were collected or sketched.

Back 400

Louis and Clark

Front 401

114. Mosasaurus means ________

Back 401

Meuse Lizard

Front 402

115. The most prolific finds of dinosaur remains in the United States, during the late 1800s to early 1900s, came from this region.

Back 402

the West

Front 403

116. The first great international expedition to hunt dinosaur remains was by the Germans (1907- 1912) to _______

Back 403

East Africa

Front 404

117. Edward Hitchcock, a president and professor at Amherst College, described, illustrated, and collected dinosaur footprints from the Connecticut Valley.

Back 404

True

Front 405

The metatarsals are the bones between tarsals and phalanges

Back 405

True

Front 406

The metacarpals are the bones between the carpals and the phalanges

Back 406

True

Front 407

_____refers to the belly side of the dinosaur

Back 407

ventral

Front 408

The three main bones of the hind limb are the femur, tarsals and tibia

Back 408

False

Front 409

Many caudal vertebrae have an arch-like structure called a chevron ventral to the centrum

Back 409

True

Front 410

____means pertaining to the head end of the dinosaur

Back 410

anterior

Front 411

______means pertaining toward the rear end of the dinosaur

Back 411

posterior

Front 412

The ______is the axis aligned along head-neck-body-tail, an imaginary plane dividing the dinosaurs bilateral parts

Back 412

midline

Front 413

_______ are small bones in front of the eye socket

Back 413

Lachrymals

Front 414

Some dinosaurs had numerous teeth cemented together to form an extensive shearing and grinding surface called

Back 414

dental batteries

Front 415

______ are paired bones that make up the real dorsal surface of the dinosaur skull

Back 415

Parietal bones

Front 416

The orbit is a bony knob connecting the skull to the backbone

Back 416

False

Front 417

The shoulder girdle of dinosaurs consists of the scapula and smaller ulna

Back 417

false

Front 418

Bipedal dinosaurs habitually walked on their hind limbs, always having longer front limbs

Back 418

False

Front 419

The scapula is the largest bone at shoulder girdle

Back 419

True

Front 420

________refers to the lower opening of temporal region of the skull

Back 420

Inferior or lateral temporal fenestra

Front 421

_____ vertebrae are those of the hip region

Back 421

sacral

Front 422

The _____ connects the pelvis with the sacral vertebrae along the medial surface

Back 422

illium

Front 423

______ refers to the back side of the dinosaur

Back 423

dorsal

Front 424

_____ vertebrae are those of the tail

Back 424

Caudal

Front 425

_____ refers to the upper opening of the temporal region of the skull

Back 425

Supratemproal fenestra

Front 426

The _____ is the smaller of the two lower leg bones which is attached to the tibia

Back 426

fibula

Front 427

_____ are the main bones of the upper jaw joints at the posterior of the skull

Back 427

Quadrates

Front 428

____ vertebrae are those of the neck, located between the head and back

Back 428

Cervical

Front 429

_____ are paired bones at the posterior of the skull

Back 429

Squamosals

Front 430

Individual vertebrae have a spool shaped structure on their ventral side called the _____

Back 430

centrum

Front 431

Dinosaur skin pigments have been discovered and are of many colors-

Back 431

False

Front 432

The remarkable mummified dinosaur described by Osborn (1912) has large unbroken regions of fossilized skin of what type of dinosaur?

Back 432

Hadrosaur

Front 433

Archaeoraptor liaomingensis, a new species of dinosaur first described in National Geographic, conclusively established a link between birds and dinosaurs-

Back 433

False

Front 434

All feathers of feathered dinosaurs of are the downy type-

Back 434

False

Front 435

No modern reptiles have skin pigmentation/color or textured skin

Back 435

False

Front 436

Feathers appear to have evolved in dinosaurs for insulation

Back 436

True

Front 437

Sinornithosaurs millenii has long arms, long, curved claws, and possesses a boomerang-shaped furcula or wishbone

Back 437

True

Front 438

Some of the skin pavement tubercles illustrated by Osborn (1912) are arranged into cluster areas

Back 438

True

Front 439

Most soft tissue is fossilized as a mold or cast-

Back 439

true

Front 440

Casts and molds of dinosaur skin reveal that most consists of _____

Back 440

ROUNDED TUBERCULES

Front 441

A small oviraptosaur was found in Mongolia with an early evolutionary type of tailbone, the

Back 441

Pygostyle

Front 442

In 1884, Wortzman discovered a skin cast of an iguanodont called

Back 442

TRACHODON (NOW EDMONTOSAURUS)

Front 443

1. Dinosaur egg-shells have conductance values less than that of bird avian egg shells

Back 443

False

Front 444

2. Estimation of dinosaur growth rates depends upon knowing the size of hatchlings the full adult size of the same species and their type of metabolism (warm or cold-blooded).

Back 444

True

Front 445

3. One of the largest and most spectacular dinosaur rookery sites in the world was recently discovered near Tremp, Spain (web), containing more than 300,000 eggs.

Back 445

True

Front 446

4. The initial definitive discoveries of dinosaur eggs was made in 1922 by an expedition of the American museum of natural history to Mongolia

Back 446

True

Front 447

5. Most dinosaur eggs no longer have anything organic in them

Back 447

True

Front 448

6. The largest single clutch of dinosaur eggs contains ________.

Back 448

More than 10 eggs

Front 449

7. An assemblage of fossil dinosaur eggs in close proximity to one another is referred to as a clutch.

Back 449

True

Front 450

8. Generally the rates of determinate growth in mammals and birds is greater than in reptiles.

Back 450

True

Front 451

9. More egg sites occur in south America than on any other continent

Back 451

False

Front 452

10. Dinosaur egg porosity influences the surface texture of dinosaur eggs.

Back 452

True

Front 453

11. The external texture, internal structure, and composition of dinosaur eggs is vastly different from that of modern egg-layers.

Back 453

False

Front 454

12. Some hatchlings weighing less than 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) are estimated to have increased their body weight as adults by 400 to over 2000 times their hatchling weight (e.g., 2.4 kg to more than 5000 kg).

Back 454

True