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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell fragmentation
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first, with a piston, break cell then use a centrifuge spinning at some G forces until cell seperates to the pellet and supernatant, then take supernatant and spin until you get desired organelles at increasing forces of G
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light microscope
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use lenses amd llight,
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magnification and resolution
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times greater size and shortest dist b/n 2 pts that you can see pic clearly
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bring contrast microscope
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light shone through specimen, low contrast, so stain it to see organelles. but also kill cell
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dark contrast microscope
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light object on dark backgroupd, microscope shoe through side
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normarski microscope and DIC
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both use special lesns that make wavelengths out of contrast, good contrast. DIC make a 3D like image
used polarized light |
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fluoroscene microscope
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chemical absorb short wavenlenths, reflect long ones
need specific organeele to bind to a fluoroscene good contrast lose resolution |
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confocal laser scanning microscope
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use a scanner on computer screen moving at vertical axis
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electron microscope
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super good magnification b/c of super short wavelength
TEM, SEM both have vacuum, no moisture use electromagnets to get a good pic to focus can't see image directly, need electromagnet has condenser not alive |
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TEM
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cut into very small sectioned to see organelles, one order of magnification better than SEM
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SEM
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coat in gold
see #D representation of image as a whole looks cooler....really |
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how to prepare a slide
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use fixation
many kinds: dehydration, rapid freezing, gluteraldeyde, osnuium tetraoside, pottasium aldehyde, boiled water, epoxy resins |
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gluteraldehyde
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normal way
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rapid freezing
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best way, use l;iquid nitrogen, produce freeze timeframe image
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osnium tetraoxide
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bond with double bonds, good for showing phospholipid bilayer
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pottasium actetate and boiled water
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bad, only captures membrane, destroys other organelles
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embeddingq
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for TEM, to put through the grid. use plastic, epoxy resins, must get every whole
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dehydration-
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for e- microscope n/c no moisutre 100% solute
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artefact
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something produced that isn't really there i.e. nucleoid, fake not in rapid freexomg
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cutting
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glass cut or diamond cut for harder substances
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staining
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use uranium or lead, good contrast
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prokaryotes
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has Plasma Membrane (PM)
nor membrane bounded organelles does sometimes fold plasma memrbane for increase compartmentization smaller size than eukaryotes smaller ribosomes no nucleusm only nucleoid region bacteria has cell wall arhcea blue green algea chlorophyll |
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eukaryotes
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membrane boundered organelles
nucleus, some double membraned compartmentalize |
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nuclar pore
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2 layer membrane, has pores. very selective
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mitochondria
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double membrane, produce ATP
has DNA, more prone to mutation outer, inner mitochondrial membrane, christea to increase S.A. |
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chloroplast
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double membrane
light reaction----happpens in thylakoid convert light energy to chemical energy calvin cycle-----convert CO2 to glucose, within clloroplast |
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platids
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only for plant cells, bacteria
leucoplast, amyloplast, chloroplst, chromoplast |
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leucoplast-
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starch storage
tell roots where gravity is |
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amyloplast
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???
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chloroplast
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gives green colour
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endoplasmic reticulum
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smooth and rough
smoothe is steroid suynthesis, little in plant cells rough, embedded with ribosome ( akak attached ribosome) which produce protein, go through tunnel in the ribosome and to lumen where stuff can get added to it like a carbohydrate , since lumen continuous, gets trasported out to transport vesicle to otherwhere flattned |
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Glogi apparatus
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flattened sacs called cristeanea
not continuous lumen package, modify the proteins add more molecules to it make lysosomes 3 side cis, trans, medial. cis faces ER, trans pm |
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vacoule
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empty bigger in plants, store stuff
creates turgor press |
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lysosome
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break down stuff to simpler monomers for absorbtion
hydryolytic enzymes acidic pH has primary lysosome, but when brreaking up sth large, fuse with others form secondary also break down own cell if sth is bad ofr dead |
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proxisomes
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get rid of toxic substances
a lot in liver break down fatty acid to acetyl groups |
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cilia and flagella
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centrioles, precursor to basal body
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microtuble
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so much info on this i can prob get a PHD talking about it
15 nm in lumen 25 nm in diameter a cytoskeleton best understood out of the 3 types going to write and essay now............. made of dimer called tublin, alpha, beta and gamma alpha and beta line up as 13 protofilaments in parallel incolved in, formation of chromosome in mitosis, structure, mitotic spindle, moving of organelles in cytoplasm beta tublin interact with GTP, forming GDP which hydrolyzes tublin, breaking it down while the other side of tublin, since it is polar and keeps of forming MT. dynamic instability if more hydorlisize, then MT preak down and depolymerize since polar, fast growing plus end and slow frowing minus end turnover of MT is impt b/c it affects mitosos if dynamic instability is slowed using drugs or stabalized using taxol or cochichine of colcemid, stop mitosis, good for cancer treatment ..next flash card |
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MTOC
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the microtublue organizing centre, in centrosome where the MT neg ends are anchored to it. and during mitosis the MT extends out to the replicated centrosome aat other end of cell to produce mitotic spindle, responsible of distr of chromosome
centrosome very impt. b/c if stopped, then restarted with drugs, can see MT growing and centrosome also makes MT polar MT frow by addition of tublin to plus end |
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growth
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use calcium and GTP....already talk about GTP, bind with neg end
calcuium at diff []( concntration) cause speed of growth. [10^-8] fast [106-3] half speed [10^-2] no growth |
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centrioles
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no use with MT, even with a 9=2 pattern and precursor to basal bodies why we know bc..... plants dont have it and MT don't start or emd in cemtrioles
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reorganization of MT
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during mitosis, MT reorganize compeltly... form mitotic spindle which is where daughter chromosome formk formed by duplicaation of MTOC and centrosome at opposite poles of mitotic spindle
centrioles and other components of centrosome duplicated in interphase, but remain together until beffining of mitosis. the 2 chromosome go to the two poles of mitotic spindle, rate of assembly of MT goes really high |
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kinetichore MT
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attached to condensed chromosome of mitotic cells at their centromeres, formation of mitotic spindle involces selective staibliation of some MT radiating from the centrsome
attachment to kinetpcjpre stabilixes MT |
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polar MT
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not attach at chromosome
stabalized by overlapping w/ each other in centre of cell |
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mitosis
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as mitosis procees, condensed chromosome align on metaphase plate and sperate, whti the 2 crhomatids of each chromosome being pulled to opp side, mediated by motor proteins
in final sage of mitosis, nuclear envalope reform, dhromosome decondenses cytokinesis takes place each daughter cell only has one centrosome which makes new MT |
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MAPs
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another way to satbalize MT other than cutting the protein of givig it inhibitors....binds to MT to increase stability...incrase stability good for certain areas like axon and demdrites
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tau
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protein of MAPS good to prevent alzhiemers or was it parkinsosn?
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actin filaments
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twisted strands of f actin, which is a polymer of g actin
2 intwinded chains |
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intermmediate filament
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stable forms basket like structure around nuclues
exist mostly in animals |
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back to MT....
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axon=== MT same polarity
dendrite---opp polarity |
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flagella
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9+2 MT arrangement
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MAPs.....
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conbine w/ tublin dimers during polymerization, stabalize MT, may serve as MTOC, may serve as nucleation site for assmebly
some conver stability |
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MT inhibitors
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use tazol, MT can't shorten...from bark needles
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COPC
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liek colchichines, a herbicide
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alzhimers
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tau...
brain cell die see tangled fibers in MAP b/c uable to bind with tau, so bind with other proteins instead eat more tuna |
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conchichines
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help with gout, a circulatory disease that crastes pain, hypersensitivity, prevends polymerization of MT, esp the spindle, cytoskeleton, nerve cells
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MT cycle in animal
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easier b/c no cell wall
interpahse, prometaphse, metaphse, anaphse, tolophase |
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bever fever
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giardia.....2 nuclues, no mitochondria
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flagella and cilia
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9=2 arrangement of MT have arms, each pari of MT, inte-digitate with next pair of MT
funtion by breaking down ATP- ADP, MT bends "wallk" of course 9+2 dosen't always need to be necessaire, i.e. worms |
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kartogemen syndrom
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human condition, due to altered MT
no cilia in nose no sperm tails, so indertile |
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actin filamets do
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muscle contratcion, interact with actin and mysoin, cell shape, cytoplasmic streaming, interact with MT
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plants frowth of cell plate
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cytokinsisi form daughter cell wall, vesicl e of futrue cell wall start from centre to outer cell, divede cytoplasm to 2 diff one, 2 cell form
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intermmediate filamets
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cell shape of some animal cell
position nuclusus and organells arrage chromativ ALS |
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polarity of MT
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+ is faster at forming than -
capping- strenthen, chorter, capping |
