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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What regulates gastric function?
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Regulated by nervous system and hormones
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What is the basic definition of the cephalic phase?
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Sight, smell and thought of food (before the food even enters the mouth)
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What type of information is integrated in the cephalic phase, and where is it integrated?
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Sensory information and it is integrated in the hypothalmus
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The _________ nerve of the _________ systemstimulates the enteric nervous system to stimulate gastric activity.
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vagus and parasympathetic
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T/F. Initial secretion of enzymes and hormones occurs during the cephalic phase.
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True
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What is the general purpose of the gastric phase?
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Entry of food into the stomach
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What type of receptors stimulate the gastric phase?
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Stretch and chemoreceptors
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What is released from the parasympathetic nerves during the gastric phase and why?
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Acetylcholine, causes the muscle layers to squeeze with greater force and pushes the food/juice through the GI tract
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What is released from the enteroendocrine cells during the gastric phase?
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Gastrin and histamine
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What is released more in the gastric phase that gets activated to pepsin by HCl?
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Pepsinogen
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Describe the postive and negative feedback loops in the gastric phase?
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Positive: digested proteins stimulate more gastrin
Negative: when pH drow too low (when the food becomes fully digested), acid inhibits the parietal cells that produce the HCl |
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What is the main function of the intestinal phase?
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Food gets ejected to the small intestine
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What allows the chyme to enter the small intestine?
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Sphincters
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How long does it usually take for meal to fully enter the small intestine?
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4 hours
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Which type of signals does the small intestine send to the stomach?
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Inhibitory signals
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Which small intestine enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones to inhibit gastric function?
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GIP (gastric inhibiting peptide), CCK and secretin (stimulate the pancreas and liver ...next step in the digestive process)
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Where is the pancreas located by?
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Located by the duodenum
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Which accessory organ does the pancreas share a common duct with?
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The gallbaldder
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________ % of the cells in the pancreas secrete digestive juices and _______ % of the cells are responsible for secreting insulin.
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99, 1
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What stimulates the release of pancreatic juice?
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parasympathetic system, CCK, gastrin, and secretin
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What are the 3 main components of pancreatic juice?
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Water, enzymes (help with digestion), sodium bicarbonate (neutralizes the stomach acid)
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What are the 4 main digestive enzymes discussed in class called for digesting: starch, fat, proteins, and nucleic acids
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starch: pancreatic amylase
fat: pancreatic lipase proteins: proteases nucleic acids: ribonuclease |
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Pancreatic juices help with ________ digestion.
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Chemical ?
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What is the largest gland in the body?
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Liver
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What are the 3 main function of the liver?
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1. metabolizes digested nutrients
2. detoxifies alcohol/drugs 3. produes bile (**) |
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What stimulates the production of bile?
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stimulated by the parasympathetic system, CCK, gastrin, secretin
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What are the 3 main components of bile, and what do they each do?
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1. Bile salts: digestion, bile acids with potassium or sodium, helps with fat emulsification
2. Cholestrol: produced in and removed by liver as waste 3. Bile pigments from hemoglobin: globin=reusable protein, heme=broken down into iron/billirubin, gives bile, urine and feces their color |
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Where is the gallbladder located?
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Tucked under the lobes of the liver
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What are the 2 main functions of the gallbladder?
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1. Stores bile and concentrates it (removes the water)
2. Releases bile after a fatty meal to aid in the digestion process |
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What causes the prodcution of gallstones?
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Overabundance of wastes and/or overabundance of absorption of water in the gallbladder
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In which stage of digestion do stretch mechanoreceptors play a role?
a. gastric b. cephalic c. intestinal d. more than one |
d
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Where do the absorbed nutrients go?
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The nutrients that were absorbed in the villi enter the blood stream via veins and go to the liver via the heptatic portal system (portal system is a stop before the blood goes back to the heart), liver removes the absorbed nutrients from the blood
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What is the main function of the large intestine?
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Absoprtion of water and salts (results in feces)
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How much water does the GI tract receive per day? How much is egested in feces?
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About 9 liters, 0.2 liters`
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Cholera is a bacterial infection in which the final result is the uncontrollable influex of ions into the lumen of the large intestine. What is a major symptom of this disease?
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Diarrhea
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What is the main function of the rectum?
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Holds feces until defecation
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T/F. Rectal valves allow the passage of gas while retaining feces.
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True.
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The anal canal is controlled by which two sphincters, and are they involuntary or voluntary?
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Internal (involuntary), external (voluntary)
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Which layer of the GI tube produces extra mucous during defecation?
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Mucuous
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Chemoreceptors in the stomach incrase action potentials as pH _________.
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?
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Which of the following events DOES NOT stimulate the release of acid?
a. action potentials from the vagus nerve b. stomach distension c. small intestine distension d. the presence of gastrin |
c ?
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T/F The motor response from gastric stretch-receptors (mechanoreceptor) and gastric chemoreceptors requires the central nervous system.
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True?
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Histamine target _________ cells for the release of __________.
a. g-cells, gastrin b. parietal cells, acid c. chief cells, pepsinogen d. chief cells, acid |
b
Remember: -gastrin stimulates parietal cells to release acid and chief cells to release pepsinogen -histamine further stimulate the release of acid from parietal cells |
