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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the layers of the gut wall? (8)
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1. Serosa
2. Longitudinal muscle layer 3. Myenteric plexus 4. Circular muscle layer 5. Submucosa 6. Submucosal plexis 7. Muscularis mucosae 8. Mucosa |
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Where is the esophageal hiatus located?
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Right crus of diaphragm at level of T10
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What what regions of the abdomen is the stomach located?
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Left upper quadrant
1. Epigastric 2. Left hypochondriac 3 Umbical regions |
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What are the 5 regions of the stomach?
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1. Cardia
2. Fundus 3. Body 4. Pyloric part 6. Pyloris |
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The stomach is covered entirely by?
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periotneum
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The fundus of the stomach is located at what level?
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5th rib
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What is the largest portion of the stomach?
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Body
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The pyloric part of the stomach is divided into?
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1. Pyloric antrum
2. Pyloric canal |
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Mucosal folds forming longitudinal ridges directed to the pyloric region are known as?
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Rugae
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Where are stomach ulcers more common?
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Lesser curvature of stomach & pyloric antrum
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Hangs down like apron from greater curvature of stomach, covering transverse colon & other abdominal viscera
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Greater omentum
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Greater omentum consists of which ligaments? (4)
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1. Gastrocolic ligament
2. Gastrospelic (gastrolienal) ligament 3. Gastrophrenic ligament 4. Lienorenal (splenorenal) ligament |
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The gastrosplenic (gastrolienal) ligament contains? (2)
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1. Short gastric vessels
2. Left gastroepiploic vessels |
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The splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament contains? (2)
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1. Splenic vessels
2. Tail of pancreas |
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Which ligament extends from left portion of greater curvature of stomach to the hilus of spleen?
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Gastrosplenic (gastrolienal) ligament
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Which ligament runs from hilus of spleen to left kidney?
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Splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament
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Which ligament runs from upper part of greater curvature of stomach to diaphragm?
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Gastrophrenic ligament
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Which ligament runs from greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon?
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Gastrocolic ligament
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What forms the stomach bed? (area posterior to stomach) (6)
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1. Diaphragm
2. Spleen & splenic vessels 3. Left kidney & adrenal gland 4. Pancreas 5. Transverse colon & mesocolon 6. Superior mesenteric vessels |
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The superior (1st) part of the duodenum is located at the level of?
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L1
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What significant structure is located posterior to the 1st (superior) part of the duodenum - that duodenal ulcers can erode all the way back to?
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Gastroduodenal artery
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95% of duodenal ulcers are located in which part of the duodenum?
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Posterior wall of 1st part of duodenum
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Which part of the duodenum is not retroperitoneal?
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1st (superior) part of duodenum
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Which part of the duodenum is the site for the major duodenal papilla?
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2nd (descending) part
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The greater papilla found at the 2nd (descending) part of the duodenum is the site of the terminal openings of? (2)
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1. Bile duct
2. Main pancreatic duct |
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The lesser papilla found at the 2nd (descending) part of the duodenum is the site for entry of?
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Acessory pancreatic duct
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What crosses the 3rd (transverse) part of the duodenum anteriorly?
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Superior mesenteric vessels
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The origin of the inferior mesenteric artery is posterior to which part of the duodenum?
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3rd part
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The ascending (4th) part of the duodenum terminates at the duodenojejunal junction which is fixed in position by?
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Suspensory ligament of Treitz
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Which part of the small intestine has a thicker wall: jejunum or ileum?
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Thicker wall = jejunum
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Which part of the small intestine contains plicae circulares (circular folds) that are tall & closely packed?
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jejunum- tall & closely packed
ileum- shorter |
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Which part of the small intestine has more prominent arterial arcades (anastomotic loops)
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Ileum
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Which is longer-- jejunum or ileum?
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Ileum (distal 3/5)
Jejunum (proximal 2/5) |
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Peyer's patches are present in which part of the small intestine?
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Ileium
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What are the parts of the large intestine?
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1. Cecum
2. Ascending colon 3 Transverse colon 4. Descending colon 5. Sigmoid colon 6. Rectum |
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What features are present in the colon?
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1. Teniae coli
2. Haustra (sacculations) 3. Epiploic appendages |
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Three narrow bands of outer longitudinal muscular coat present in colon
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Teniae coli
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Peritoneum-covered sacs of fat attached to rows along the teniae in the colon?
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Epiploic appendages
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Blind pouch of the large intestine-- lies in the right iliac fossa & usually surrounded by peritoneum
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Cecum
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Narrow, hollow muscular tube w/ large aggregations of lymphoid tissue in its wall-- suspended from terminal ileum by small mesentery
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Appendix
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What is McBurney's point?
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Junction of lateral & middle thirds of a line between right ASIS & umbilicis
-Site of maximum tenderness in acute appenditicitis |
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Double layer of peritoneum extending from porta hepatis of liver to lesser curvature of stomach & proximal duodenum
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Lesser omentum
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What ligaments are found in the lesser omentum? (2)
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1. Hepatogastric ligament
2. Hepatoduodenal ligament |
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What are the contents of the hepatogastric ligament? (2)
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Right & left gastric vessels
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What are the contents of the hepatoduodenal ligament? (3)
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PORTAL TRIAD:
1. Hepatic artery 2. Bile duct 3. Portal vein |
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Where is the lesser sac (omental bursa) found?
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Posterior to the stomach & lesser omentum
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What is the only communication between the greater & lesser sac?
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Omental or epiploic foramen
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What are the boundaries of the lesser sac (omental bursa)?
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Anterior: hepatoduodenal ligament
Posterior: IVC Superior: liver Inferior: 1st part of duodenum |
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Fan-shaped double fold of peritoneum that suspends jejunum & ileum from posterior abdominal wall ?
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Mesentery
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What are the contents of the mesentery?
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Superior mesenteric & intestinal vessels, nerves and lymphatics
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Connects posterior surface of transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall
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Transverse mesocolon
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Inverted V-shaped peritoneal fold that connects sigmoid colon to pelvic wall & contains sigmoid vessels
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Sigmoid mesocolon
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Connects appendix to mesentery of ileum & contains appendicular vessels
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Mesoappendix
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What fuses with the greater omentum to form the gastrocolic ligament?
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Transverse mesocolon
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Which organs are intraperitoneal?
(6) |
1. Stomach
2. first part of duodenum 3. Jejunum & ileum 4. Cecum & appendix 5. Transverse & sigmoid colon 6. Spleen |
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Which organs are secondarily retroperitoneal? (4)
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1. Duodenum (except 1st part)
2. Ascending & descending colon 3. Upper part of rectum 4. Pancreas |
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Which organs are retroperitoneal? (4)
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1. Kidneys
2. Adrenal glands 3. Abdominal aorta 4. Inferior Vena Cava |
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Ligament which runs from colic flexure to diaphragm
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Phrenicolic ligament
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What are the 3 major arteries that supply the digestive system?
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1. Celiac artery
2. Superior mesenteric artery 3. Inferior mesenteric artery |
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What artery supplies the forgut?
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Celiac artery
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Which artery supplies the midgut?
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Superior mesenteric artery
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Which artery supplies the hindgut?
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Inferior mesenteric artery
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The celiac trunk supplies blood to which organs? (5)
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FOREGUT--CELIAC TRUNK:
1. Esophagus (lower 1/3) 2. Stomach 3. Upper duodenum & pancreas 4. Liver 5. Spleen |
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The superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to which organs?
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MIDGUT-- SUPERIOR MESENTERIC:
1. Lower duodenum & pancreas 2. Jejunum & ileum 3. Cecum, ascending & transverse colon |
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The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to which organs? (3)
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HINDGUT-- INFERIOR MESENTERIC:
1. Descending colon 2. Sigmoid colon 3. Rectum |
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What are the main 3 branches off the celiac trunk?
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1. Left gastric
2. Splenic artery 3. Common hepatic artery |
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What branches off the left gastric artery?
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Esophageal branches
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What branches off the splenic artery? (3)
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SPLENIC ARTERY:
1. Short gastric 2. Left gastroomental 3. Pancreatic branches |
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What are the 2 main branches off of the Common hepatic artery?
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COMMON HEPATIC ARTERY:
1. Proper hepatic 2. Gastroduodenal |
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Which arteries branch off the proper hepatic artery? (2)
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PROPER HEPATIC ARTERY:
1. Right gastric 2. Right & left hepatic |
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Which arteries branch of the gastroduodenal artery? (2)
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1. Right gastroomental
2. Superior pancreaticduodenal |
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Which artery supplies the small intestine & large intestine to left of colic flexure?
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Superior mesenteric artery
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What are the 5 branches off the superior mesenteric artery?
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SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY:
1. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal 2. Middle colic 3. Right colic 4. Ileocolic 5. Intestinal branches |
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What are the 3 branches off of the inferior mesenteric artery?
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INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY:
1. Left colic 2. Sigmoidal branches (1-3) 3. Superior rectal |
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Marginal artery is formed by the anastomoses of ______ arteries along mesenteric border of colon
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MARGINAL artery is formed by the anastomoses of COLIC arteries along mesenteric border of colon
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What is the path of blood in the hepatic portal system?
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Venous blood from GI & spleen --> Liver via PORTAL VEIN--> through SINUSOIDS--> drain to CENTRAL VEINS --> coalescence into 3 HEPATIC VEINS --> IVC
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What 2 veins join to form portal vein behind the neck of pancreas?
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1. Splenic vein
2. Superior mesenteric vein |
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What supplies blood from left colic flexure to upper half of anal canal?
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Inferior mesenteric artery
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Inferior mesenteric vein drains into?
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Splenic or superior mesenteric or at union of 2
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The left gastric vein drains into?
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Portal vein
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What are the anastomoses of the portal system? (4)
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1. Esophageal tributaries
2. Superior rectal vein 3. Paraumbilical veins 4. Veins of Retzius |
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Esophageal tributaries anastomose with?
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ESOPHAGEAL TRIBUTARIES
-Tributaries to azygos system & SVC |
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What is a complication that occurs at the esophageal tributaries anastomoses?
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Esophageal varicose veins
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Superior rectal vein anastomoses with?
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SUPERIOR RECTAL VEIN
-Middle & inferior rectal veins to IVC |
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What complication can occur at superior rectal vein tributaries?
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Internal hemorrhoids
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Paraumbilical veins anastomose with?
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subcutaneous veins of anterior abdominal wall > SVC & IVC
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What complication can occur in the paraumbilical veins anastomoses?
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Caput medusae
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Veins of Retzius are anastomes with?
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Small colic veins w/ veins in posterior abdominal wall
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What complication can occur with Veins of Retzius anastomes?
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Silent varices
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Paraumbilical veins anastomose with?
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subcutaneous veins of anterior abdominal wall > SVC & IVC
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What complication can occur in the paraumbilical veins anastomoses?
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Caput medusae
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Veins of Retzius are anastomes with?
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Small colic veins w/ veins in posterior abdominal wall
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What complication can occur with Veins of Retzius anastomes?
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Silent varices
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Bile is produced where & stored where & released into?
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BILE:
-Produced in liver -Stored in gallbladder -Released in duodenum |
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Which duct connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?
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Cystic duct
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Which ducts emerge from right & left lobes of liver?
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Right & Left hepatic ducts
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Which duct is formed by the union of the right & left hepatic ducts?
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Common hepatic duct
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Which duct is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct & cystic duct?
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Common bile duct
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What forms the Cystohepatic Triangle (of Calot)?
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1. Common hepatic duct
2. Cystic duct 3. Visceral surface of liver |
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What are the contents of the cystohepatic triangle of Calot? (2)
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1. Cystic artery
2. Right hepatic artery |
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Which nerves are responsible for parasympathetics of GI?
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Vagus & pelvic splanchnics
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Which nerves are responsible for sympathetics of GI?
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Greater, lesser & least sphlanchnics
Lumbar splanchnics |
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Where do the preganglionic parasympathetics of the GI tract synapse?
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Ganglia within the walls
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Where do the preganglionic sympathetics synapse in GI tract?
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Ganglia next to respective arteries (Celia, SMA, IMA)
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What supplies parasympathetic imput to abdominal esophagus to left (splenic) colic flexure?
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Anterior & posterior vagal trunks (CN X)
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What supplies parasympathetic imput & afferent (sensory) distal to splenic flexure?
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Pelvic splanchnics (S2-S4)
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What are the 3 sympathetic ganglia of the GI tract?
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1. Celiac
2. Superior mesenteric 3. Inferior mesenteric |
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Preganglionic sympathetics that synapse at celiac ganglion?
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Preganglionic from T(5)6-T9 via Greater Splanchnic Nerve --> Celiac ganglion
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Preganglionic sympathetics that synapse at superior mesenteric ganglion?
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Preganglionic from T10-11 via Lesser Splanchnic nerve --> Superior Mesenteric ganglion
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Which preganglionic sympathetics synapse at Inferior mesenteric ganglion?
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Preganglionic from T12-L1/2 & S2-S4 via Least splanchnic & Pelvic Splanchnic nerves
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