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59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
i. What type of epithelium lines the esophageal mucosa?
1. Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
How is the lamina propria of the esophagus different from the rest of the GI Tract? How is it the same?
It is less cellular, but it is still formed of loose connective tissue
iii. How is the muscularis mucosae of the esophagus different to that of the stomach and intestine?
1. Composed of longitudinally oriented bundles of smooth muscle separated by connective tissue
iv. What is the usual cause of Barrett’s esophagus?
1. GERD
v. What is the “target demographic “ for Barrett’s Esophagus?
1. White males over 50 y/o
vi. What is the most common precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma?
1. Barrett’s esophagitis (metaplasia)
vii. What is another name for esophageal mucosal glands? Where are they present?
1. Esophageal cardiac glands
2. Only present in terminal part of esophagus and sometimes in the beginning
viii. Where are esophageal glands proper located?
1. Within submucosa
2. Along entire length of esophagus
ix. What is the morphology of the esophageal glands proper?
1. Compound tubuloalveolar glands
x. What type of tissue makes up the esophageal submucosa?
1. Dense irregular connective tissue
xi. What structures are found within the esophageal submucosa?
1. Messner’s/submucosal plexus
2. Esophageal glands proper
xiii. What is the composition of the muscularis externa in the upper 1/3 of the esophagus?
1. Skeletal muscle
xiv. What is the composition of the muscularis externa in the middle 1/3 of the esophagus?
1. Mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle
xv. What is the composition of the lower 1/3 of the esophageal muscularis externa?
1. Smooth muscle
xvi. What portion of the esophagus is covered by serosa?
1. The most distal portion
iv. What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the stomach? What is the lone cell type?
1. Simple columnar epithelium
2. Surface mucous cell
v. What are gastric pits?
1. Invaginations of the surface epithelium in the gastric lumen
2. NOT GLANDS
3. Lined with surface mucous cells
vi. Where are fundic glands located?
1. Throughout the stomach except for small cardiac and pyloric regions
vii. What is the morphology of fundic glands?
1. Branched tubular
2. Straight in the middle
3. Apical portions slightly coiled at the base
viii. What is the span of fundic glands?
1. From muscularis mucosae to base of gastric pits
ix. What is the name for the apical portion of the fundic gland?
1. Isthmus
x. What is the name of the middle part of the fundic gland?
1. Neck
xi. What is the name for the bottom part of the fundic gland?
1. Base/fundus
xii. What types of cells are found within the fundic glands?
1. Parietal cells
2. Gastric chief cells
3. Mucous neck cells
4. Enteroendocrine cells
5. Progenitor cells
xiii. What are the functions of parietal cells?
1. Production of HCl
2. Production of intrinsic factor
xiv. What is the function of intrinsic factor?
1. Needed for absorption of cobalamin in the intestine
xv. What is the role of HCl in digestion?
1. Initiates digestion of protein
2. Converts pepsinogen into pepsin
3. Destroys bacteria that enter the stomach
xvi. What is the most distinctive feature of actively secreting parietal cells? What is the function of this feature?
1. Intracellular canaliculi with numerous microvilli
2. Principal sites of HCl synthesis and secretion
xvii. What is the role of the tubulovesicular system in parietal cells?
1. Stores apical membrane of non-secreting cells
xviii. What happens to the tubulovesicular system in parietal cells when they are going to secrete HCl?
1. The tubulovesicular system fuses with the apical membrane
2. Formation of numerous microvilli within the intracellular canaliculus follows
xix. How are pernicious anemia and parietal cells related?
Without parietal cells, one cannot secret intrinsic factor and therefore not absorb b12 which is necessary for the insertion of the heme into the hemoglobin.
xx. Where are gastric chief cells located in fundic glands?
1. Base of the gland
xxi. What is the main function of gastric chief cells?
1. Secretion of pepsinogen
2. Protein secretion
xxii. What is the appearance of gastric chief cells?
1. Basophilic, due to abundant RER
2. Secretory glands located in apical portion of cell
xxiv. What is the main function of mucous neck cells?
1. Secretion of soluble mucus produced by surface mucous cells
xxv. What is the morphology of mucous neck cells?
1. Small, inconspicuous cells
2. Heterochromatic nucleus at base of cell
3. Cytoplasm filled with mucinogen granules→ “Frothy appearance”
xxvi. Where are enteroendocrine cells located in fundic glands?
1. Mostly concentrated at the base of the gland
xxvii. What is the main function of enteroendocrine cells?
1. Secretion of gastrointestinal hormones
xxix. What is the function of ghrelin
1. Stimulates the appetite and perception of hunger
xxx. What is the morphology of enteroendocrine cells?
1. Small cells that rest on basement membrane
2. Form microvilli that reach the lumen of the gland
xxxi. Where are progenitor cells located within the fundic cells?
1. Isthmus
xxxii. What is the function of progenitor cells?
1. Replace both surface mucous cells and fundic gland cells (parietal, mucous neck, chief, and enteroendocrine)
xxxiii. What is the lifespan of progenitor cells?
xxxiii. What is the lifespan of progenitor cells?
1. 3-5 days
1. Where are cardiac glands of the stomach located?
a. Narrow ring that surrounds the esophageal orifice
2. What is the function of cardiac glands?
a. Produce mucus that contributes to the gastric juice
b. Helps protect esophageal epithelium against acid reflux
3. What is the general structure of cardiac glands?
a. Branched tubular glands
b. Composed of mucus-secreting cells
c. Lack parietal and chief cells
4. How can you distinguish between cardiac glands and pyloric glands?
a. Gastric pits in cardiac region are not as deep as in pyloric region
1. Where are pyloric glands of the stomach located?
a. Pyloric antrum
2. What is the function of pyloric glands?
a. Produce mucus that helps protect the pyloric mucosa
3. What is the general structure of pyloric glands?
a. Branched coiled tubular glands
b. Composed of mucous secretory cells
c. Gastric pits are very deep
1. Where is the lamina propria of the stomach found?
a. In space between gastric pits and glands
2. What is found in the lamina propria of the stomach?
a. Elements of immune system→
b. Lymphocytes
c. Plasma cells
d. Macrophages
1. What is the organization of the muscularis mucosae of the stomach?
a. Circular and longitudinal
1. What classifies a carcinoma as “early”?
a. They penetrate only into submucosa
2. What classifies a carcinoma as “late”?
a. Penetrate into muscularis externa and farther
1. Are there glands in the submucosa of the stomach?
a. NO
2. Where is Meissner’s plexus located in the stomach?
a. Submucosa
1. What are the three layers of the gastric muscularis externa?
a. Inner oblique
b. Middle circular
c. Outer longitudinal
2. Where is the gastric myenteric nerve plexus located?
a. In between the middle circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa