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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
i. What type of epithelium lines the esophageal mucosa?
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1. Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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How is the lamina propria of the esophagus different from the rest of the GI Tract? How is it the same?
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It is less cellular, but it is still formed of loose connective tissue
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iii. How is the muscularis mucosae of the esophagus different to that of the stomach and intestine?
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1. Composed of longitudinally oriented bundles of smooth muscle separated by connective tissue
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iv. What is the usual cause of Barrett’s esophagus?
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1. GERD
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v. What is the “target demographic “ for Barrett’s Esophagus?
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1. White males over 50 y/o
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vi. What is the most common precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma?
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1. Barrett’s esophagitis (metaplasia)
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vii. What is another name for esophageal mucosal glands? Where are they present?
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1. Esophageal cardiac glands
2. Only present in terminal part of esophagus and sometimes in the beginning |
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viii. Where are esophageal glands proper located?
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1. Within submucosa
2. Along entire length of esophagus |
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ix. What is the morphology of the esophageal glands proper?
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1. Compound tubuloalveolar glands
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x. What type of tissue makes up the esophageal submucosa?
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1. Dense irregular connective tissue
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xi. What structures are found within the esophageal submucosa?
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1. Messner’s/submucosal plexus
2. Esophageal glands proper |
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xiii. What is the composition of the muscularis externa in the upper 1/3 of the esophagus?
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1. Skeletal muscle
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xiv. What is the composition of the muscularis externa in the middle 1/3 of the esophagus?
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1. Mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle
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xv. What is the composition of the lower 1/3 of the esophageal muscularis externa?
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1. Smooth muscle
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xvi. What portion of the esophagus is covered by serosa?
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1. The most distal portion
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iv. What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the stomach? What is the lone cell type?
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1. Simple columnar epithelium
2. Surface mucous cell |
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v. What are gastric pits?
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1. Invaginations of the surface epithelium in the gastric lumen
2. NOT GLANDS 3. Lined with surface mucous cells |
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vi. Where are fundic glands located?
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1. Throughout the stomach except for small cardiac and pyloric regions
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vii. What is the morphology of fundic glands?
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1. Branched tubular
2. Straight in the middle 3. Apical portions slightly coiled at the base |
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viii. What is the span of fundic glands?
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1. From muscularis mucosae to base of gastric pits
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ix. What is the name for the apical portion of the fundic gland?
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1. Isthmus
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x. What is the name of the middle part of the fundic gland?
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1. Neck
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xi. What is the name for the bottom part of the fundic gland?
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1. Base/fundus
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xii. What types of cells are found within the fundic glands?
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1. Parietal cells
2. Gastric chief cells 3. Mucous neck cells 4. Enteroendocrine cells 5. Progenitor cells |
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xiii. What are the functions of parietal cells?
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1. Production of HCl
2. Production of intrinsic factor |
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xiv. What is the function of intrinsic factor?
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1. Needed for absorption of cobalamin in the intestine
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xv. What is the role of HCl in digestion?
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1. Initiates digestion of protein
2. Converts pepsinogen into pepsin 3. Destroys bacteria that enter the stomach |
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xvi. What is the most distinctive feature of actively secreting parietal cells? What is the function of this feature?
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1. Intracellular canaliculi with numerous microvilli
2. Principal sites of HCl synthesis and secretion |
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xvii. What is the role of the tubulovesicular system in parietal cells?
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1. Stores apical membrane of non-secreting cells
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xviii. What happens to the tubulovesicular system in parietal cells when they are going to secrete HCl?
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1. The tubulovesicular system fuses with the apical membrane
2. Formation of numerous microvilli within the intracellular canaliculus follows |
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xix. How are pernicious anemia and parietal cells related?
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Without parietal cells, one cannot secret intrinsic factor and therefore not absorb b12 which is necessary for the insertion of the heme into the hemoglobin.
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xx. Where are gastric chief cells located in fundic glands?
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1. Base of the gland
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xxi. What is the main function of gastric chief cells?
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1. Secretion of pepsinogen
2. Protein secretion |
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xxii. What is the appearance of gastric chief cells?
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1. Basophilic, due to abundant RER
2. Secretory glands located in apical portion of cell |
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xxiv. What is the main function of mucous neck cells?
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1. Secretion of soluble mucus produced by surface mucous cells
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xxv. What is the morphology of mucous neck cells?
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1. Small, inconspicuous cells
2. Heterochromatic nucleus at base of cell 3. Cytoplasm filled with mucinogen granules→ “Frothy appearance” |
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xxvi. Where are enteroendocrine cells located in fundic glands?
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1. Mostly concentrated at the base of the gland
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xxvii. What is the main function of enteroendocrine cells?
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1. Secretion of gastrointestinal hormones
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xxix. What is the function of ghrelin
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1. Stimulates the appetite and perception of hunger
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xxx. What is the morphology of enteroendocrine cells?
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1. Small cells that rest on basement membrane
2. Form microvilli that reach the lumen of the gland |
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xxxi. Where are progenitor cells located within the fundic cells?
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1. Isthmus
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xxxii. What is the function of progenitor cells?
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1. Replace both surface mucous cells and fundic gland cells (parietal, mucous neck, chief, and enteroendocrine)
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xxxiii. What is the lifespan of progenitor cells?
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xxxiii. What is the lifespan of progenitor cells?
1. 3-5 days |
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1. Where are cardiac glands of the stomach located?
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a. Narrow ring that surrounds the esophageal orifice
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2. What is the function of cardiac glands?
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a. Produce mucus that contributes to the gastric juice
b. Helps protect esophageal epithelium against acid reflux |
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3. What is the general structure of cardiac glands?
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a. Branched tubular glands
b. Composed of mucus-secreting cells c. Lack parietal and chief cells |
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4. How can you distinguish between cardiac glands and pyloric glands?
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a. Gastric pits in cardiac region are not as deep as in pyloric region
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1. Where are pyloric glands of the stomach located?
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a. Pyloric antrum
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2. What is the function of pyloric glands?
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a. Produce mucus that helps protect the pyloric mucosa
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3. What is the general structure of pyloric glands?
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a. Branched coiled tubular glands
b. Composed of mucous secretory cells c. Gastric pits are very deep |
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1. Where is the lamina propria of the stomach found?
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a. In space between gastric pits and glands
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2. What is found in the lamina propria of the stomach?
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a. Elements of immune system→
b. Lymphocytes c. Plasma cells d. Macrophages |
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1. What is the organization of the muscularis mucosae of the stomach?
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a. Circular and longitudinal
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1. What classifies a carcinoma as “early”?
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a. They penetrate only into submucosa
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2. What classifies a carcinoma as “late”?
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a. Penetrate into muscularis externa and farther
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1. Are there glands in the submucosa of the stomach?
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a. NO
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2. Where is Meissner’s plexus located in the stomach?
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a. Submucosa
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1. What are the three layers of the gastric muscularis externa?
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a. Inner oblique
b. Middle circular c. Outer longitudinal |
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2. Where is the gastric myenteric nerve plexus located?
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a. In between the middle circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa
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