Digestive System Chapter 26

Front 1

Digestion

Back 1

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into usable materials for energy.

Front 2

Catabolism

Back 2

One categorie of metabolism. Breaking down into smaller pieces. During digestion, food is broken down into smaller elements. Ex, cellular respiration, the end product of catabolism for this are CO2 water and energy

Front 3

Absorption

Back 3

Process of transferring food elements into the circulation for tranport.

Front 4

Anabolism

Back 4

After absorption, the elements are carried to the body's cell to be used for energy and building cells; an example of anabolism.

Front 5

Digestive tract

Back 5

AKA Alimentary canal, GI tract, GI system. Is an effecient food-processing machine responsible for digestion and absoption. Considered to be not strerile.

Front 6

Travel through GI

Back 6

Food travels through the GI tract in about 24-36 hours.

Front 7

Egestion (defecation)

Back 7

The final stage of digestion is elimination.

Front 8

Digestive system (controlled)

Back 8

The actions are controlled by the nervous system. The endocrine system also exerts a major influence.

Front 9

Gastroenterology

Back 9

Study of the stomach and intestines.

Front 10

Nutrients

Back 10

Elements broken down by digestion to provide fuel for the body. Include carbohydrates, protiens, fats.

Front 11

Digestive system (functions)

Back 11

• Food process & storage

breaks down food,converts it into substance for absorption, moves it by peristalsis

• Manufactures

Manufactures enzymes, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, regulatory hormones, and Vitamin K

•Absorption

Absorbs nutrients, mainly from SI

•Reabsorption

Reabsorbs water,mineral & vitamins, and produces defecation

Front 12

Mouth (oral cavity)

Back 12

Food enter body through this opening, where digestion begins. This is called the Cephalic phase of digestion.

Mouth chief digestion function is to receive food via ingestion (to take in)

Front 13

Palate

Back 13

The roof of the mouth is composed of hard & soft palates.

Hard palates, is closer to front of the mouth & composed of palatine bones & part of maxillary bones

Soft palates, is mostly muscle tissue.

Front 14

Uvula

Back 14

Small hanging bell structure within the back of your mouth.

Front 15

Salivary glands

Back 15

Exocrine glands that release saliva into mouth. The names are their locations. Sublingual gland (under tongue) , parotid gland (cheek), sub mandibular (under lower jaw)

Front 16

Saliva

Back 16

There are 2 types. One is thin and watery and serves to wet food to nake it easier to swallow. 2nd is thicker, and contains mucin, which makes food particles form a bolus (ball or lump )

Front 17

Salivation

Back 17

Secretion of saliva, is controlled by the nervous system.

Front 18

Mastication

Back 18

Act of chewing. Done by teeth, to break down food into smaller particles.

Front 19

Tongue

Back 19

Tough skeletal muscle covered with smooth mucous membrane. Its Attached to 4 bones; mandible, 2 temporal bones, & hyoid. Also sense temperature of food, & begins the deglutition process

Front 20

Frenulum

Back 20

A fold of mucous membrane that helps attach the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

Front 21

Tongue-tied

Back 21

Condition where the frenulum is short or too tight, causing difficult speech.

Front 22

Deglutition process

Back 22

Swallowing, started by voluntary movement of tongue.

Front 23

Taste

Back 23

Possible by taste buds located mostly along tip and side of tongue. Smell also effects ability to taste.

Front 24

Pharynx

Back 24

5 inch long passageway for both food and air.

Front 25

Nasopharynx

Back 25

Located behind the nasal cavity, is only for air.

Front 26

Oropharynx

Back 26

Lies behind the oral cavity.

Front 27

Laryngopharynx

Back 27

Located just below the epiglottis. Here the tube divides into the respiratory & digestive tubes.

Front 28

Epiglottis

Back 28

Flap tissue that prevents aspiration of food and floods into the lungs.

Front 29

Peristalsis

Back 29

Contraction of waves that help the smooth muscles pass food through the GI.

Front 30

Dysphagia

Back 30

Difficulty swallowing.

Front 31

Esophagus (gullet)

Back 31

Approx 10 inches, extends from pharynx into the neck and thorax, through the diaphragm, to the stomach. It serves as a passage way.

Front 32

Cardiac sphincter

Back 32

A strong circular muscle that lies between esophagus and stomach. Prevents food from backing up into esophagus.

Front 33

Achalasia

Back 33

When cardiac sphincter doesn't relax as it should, food is prevented from entering stomach.

Front 34

Gastric or peptic phase

Back 34

This phase of digestion happens when food enters the stomach

Front 35

Pyloric sphincter

Back 35

Controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenal portion of small intestine.

Front 36

Rugae

Back 36

When the stomach is empty, it collapses and lies in folds.

Front 37

Layers of stomach wall

Back 37

•serious membrane (outer wall)

•muscle- longitude, horizontal, oblique

•submucosa- contains nerves, blood/lymph vessels

•mucosa- contains gastric glands that secrete HCL acid, enzymes, pepsinogen

Front 38

Emesis

Back 38

Vomiting, when stomach is full or irritated.

Front 39

Intestinal phase

Back 39

Begins with the small intestine.

Front 40

Small intestine

Back 40

Approx 20 ft, longest part of digestive tract. Most digestive happens here

Divided into

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

Front 41

Mucus in digestive tract

Back 41

Mucus lubricates and protects walls from highly acid chime and digestive enzymes

Front 42

Bile

Back 42

Secreted In the liver, acts to digest fats (lipids)

Front 43

Secretin

Back 43

Another hormone that influences the secretion of pancreatic juice by the pancreas.

Front 44

Duodenum

Back 44

First portion of small Intestine. Approx 10-12 inches long. Contains specialized cells and glands design to protect it from acidic chyme

Front 45

Chyme

Back 45

Semi liquid milky substance made from food mixing with mucus and gastric acid.

Front 46

Bile

Back 46

A greenish brown liquid manufactured in the liver and stored in gallbladder. Emulsifies fat for further digestion

Front 47

Jejunum

Back 47

Approx 8 ft, almost always empty.

Front 48

Large intestine

Back 48

Approx 5 ft, water absorption is the main function , followed by absorption of vitamins and minerals as well as formation and defecation of feces

Front 49

Cecum

Back 49

First portion of large intestine. Approx 2- 3 inch pouch.

Front 50

Appendix

Back 50

Small worm like projection from the cecum, has no known purpose

Front 51

Colon

Back 51

Largest portion of large intestine. Composed of ascending, transversal, descending colon.

Front 52

Rectum

Back 52

Approx 5 inches, the terminal portion of the large intestine.

Front 53

Egestion

Back 53

Waste products are excreted

Front 54

Pathway of food

Back 54

Mouth- pharynx- esophagus- cardiac sphincter- stomach- pyloric sphincter- small intestine (d,j,i)- ileocecal valve- large intestine (cecum- colom)- rectum- anus.

Front 55

Liver

Back 55

Vital for metabolism. Body's largest glandular organ, function include absorption of bulirubin, storage if fat soluble vitamins(a,d,e,k) formation of plasma protiens, synthesis for clotting factors, secretion of bile, and heparin

Front 56

Gallbladder

Back 56

Muscular sacar 3-4 inches long. Store and release bile as needed in the small Intestine.

Front 57

Cholecystectomy

Back 57

Surgical removal of gallbladder, after removal, other structures such as liver, take over its functions.

Front 58

Pancreas

Back 58

Approx 6 inches, lies behind the stomach. It secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

Front 59

Acinar cells

Back 59

Secrete 3 main enzymes for digestion of certain nutrients.

•amylase- Strachan

•trypsin- protein

•lipase- fat/lipids

Front 60

Peritoneum

Back 60

Serious membrane that covers and protects many abdominal organs. Also secretes peritoneal fluid for lubrication and reduction of friction between organs and abdominal walls

Front 61

Types of digestion

Back 61

Mechanical - physical breakdown of food by chewing , along with movement through digestive tract.

Chemical - is breakdown of chemical bonds in food with additions of enzymes, acids, & water.

Front 62

Enzymes

Back 62

The driving force behind chemical digestion. Are secreted by salivary glands & stomach, small and larger intestine, liver, & pancreas.

Front 63

Chief cells

Back 63

Secrete pepsinogen & gastric lipase. They breakdown proteins & triglycerides.

Front 64

Parietal cells

Back 64

Secrete hydrochloric acid, which activates pepsinogens and kill most MO inside stomach.

Front 65

Intrinsic factor

Back 65

Produced by parietal cells, is required for absorption of vitamin B12. Deficiency of this will cause pernicious anemia

Front 66

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Back 66

Activates gallbladder to release bile. Also stimulates the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice. Also assist in inhibition of digestive process in stomach.

Front 67

Villi

Back 67

Small finger-like projections that are responsible for absorption in the body.

Front 68

Microvilli

Back 68

Microscopic fold contained in the villi to increase surface area, increasing absorption.

Front 69

Anabolism

Back 69

Construction, involves synthesis of simpler substance to form née, organized substance the body can use.

Front 70

Basal metabolism

Back 70

Minimum energy required for body to maintain baseline vegetative vital functions, such as breathing, body temp, and circulation.