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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Digestive system includes organs that do what?
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- Ingest Food
- Transport ingested material - Secrete Substances needed for digestion ex. enzymes - Digest material into smaller usuable components - Absorb necessary digested nutrients into bloodstream - Expel waste products from body |
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Digestive system composed of what to categories of organs
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Digestive organs and Accessory digestive organs
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Digestive organs make up what?
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Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) Tract
Alimentary Canal |
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What does Accessory Digestive organs do?
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Secrete Substances into GI Tract
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GI Tract Organs
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- Oral Cavity
- Pharynx - Esophagus - Stomach - Small Intestines - Large Intestines |
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Accessory Digestive Organs
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- Teeth
- Tongue - Salivary Glands - Liver - Gall Bladder - Pancreas |
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Oral Cavity is a site of what?
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Mechanical & Chemical digestion
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Oral Cavity contains the following structural features
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- Cheek, lips, and palate
- Tongue - Salivary Glands - Teeth |
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Tongue does what?
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Manipulates and mixes food
Compresses food into bolus |
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Salivary Glands produce what?
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Produce and secrete saliva
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Teeth does what?
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Mechanically digest food
Break into smaller pieces |
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Salivary Glands Functions
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- moisten ingested materials to become bolus
- moistens, cleanses, and lubricates structures of oral cavity - chemical digestion of ingested materials - antibacterial action - dissolves materials to stimulate taste receptors |
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Three pairs of salivary glands
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Parotid gland
Submandibular gland Sublingual gland |
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What is the largest salivary glands?
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Parotid salivary glands
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Parotid Salivary Glands located where?
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located anterior and inferior to ear
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Parotid Salivary glands secrete what?
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secretes 25-30% of total saliva
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Parotid duct runs where and does what?
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Runs parallel to zygomatic arch and pierces buccinator muscle
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Parotid Salivary glands also secrete amylase that does what?
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Digestive enzyme which chemically breaks down starch
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Submandibular salivary glands located where?
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Inferior to body of mandible
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What does submandibular salivary gland do?
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Produce the majority of saliva
60-70% |
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Sublingual salivary glands located where?
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Inferior to tongue
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What does sublingual salivary glands do?
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Contribute only 3-5% of total saliva
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Pharynx is shared by what?
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Shared by respiratory and digestive systems
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Three regions of Pharynx
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Nasopharynx
Oropharynx Laryngopharnx |
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What innervates most pharyngeal muscles?
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CN X
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Abdominopelvic cavity covered with moist serous membranes called what?
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-Parietal peritoneum - lines inside surface of body wall
-Visceral peritoneum- covers surface or organs |
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Organs may be intraperitoneal meaning what?
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Completely surrounded
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Organs may be retroperitoneal meaning what?
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Covered only on anterolateral surfaces
Lies against posterior cavity wall |
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Mesenteries are what?
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Folds of peritoneum
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Mesenteries does what?
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Support and stabilize intraperitoneal GI tract organs
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What are sandwiched between folds of mesenteries?
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Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves sandwiched between folds
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Mesenteries also includes what?
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- Greater Omentum
- Lesser Omentum - Mesentary proper - Mesocolon |
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Greater omentum does what?
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Hangs from inferior stomach and covers organs
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Lesser omentum does what?
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Connects stomach to liver
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Mesentary proper does what?
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Suspends SI from posterior wall
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Mesencolon does what?
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Attaches LI to posterior wall
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The wall of the abdominal GI tract composed of what four concentric layers of tunics?
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-mucosa
-submucosa -muscularis -Adventitia or Serosa |
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3 components of mucosa
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-Superficial epithelium
-Underlying lamina propria (CT) -Smooth muscle layer called muscularis mucosa |
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Superficial epithelium contains what?
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Simple columnar except esophagus
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Underlying lamina propria (CT) contains what?
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- Contains lymph nodules and Malt
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What is Malt?
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Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
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Malt is what?
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Immune function
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Submucosa components include what?
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-lymphatic ducts
-mucin (secreting glands) -blood vessels -nerves (submucosal nerve plexus) |
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Muscularis has two layers of smooth muscle called what?
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- Inner circular layer
- Outer longitudinal layer |
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Inner circular layer constrict what?
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Constrict lumen and forms sphincters
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Inner circular layer is involved with what?
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Involved with peristalsis
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Outer longitudinal layer is involved with what?
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It's a shorten tube with segmentation which is mixing of substance in tube
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Adventitia or Serosa
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-Outermost Layer
- Areolar CT and Visceral peritoneum |
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For blood supply to GI tract, what 3 unpaired arteries supply abdominal GI tract?
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-Celiac Truck
- Superior mesenteric artery -Inferior mesenteric artery |
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Celiac Trunk supplies blood to where?
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Stomach, Spleen, Liver
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Superior mesenteric artery supply blood to where?
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Small intestine & pancreas
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Inferior mesenteric artery supply blood to where?
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Large Intestine
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In Venous return from GI Tract, all veins merge into where?
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Hepatic portal system
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Veins shunts blood to liver via what?
Does what? |
- Via Hepatic portal vein
- Processing and filtering of ingested material takes place |
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Hepatic portal vein receives blood from where?
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- Superior mesenteric vein
- Inferior mesenteric vein - Splenic vein |
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What does superior mesenteric vein do?
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Drains small intestine and stomach
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Inferior mesenteric vein does what?
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Drains large intesting
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Blood re-enters general circulation ( IVC ) via what?
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Hepatic veins
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Esophagus
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Tubular and muscular passageway
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Esophagus connects what?
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Connects pharynx to stomach
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Esophagus passes thru what?
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Passes thru opening in diaphragm called esophageal hiatus
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Stomach
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Upper left quadrant of abdomen
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Stomach does what?
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- Continue mechanical and chemical digestion of bolus
- Eventually processed into pastelike soup called chyme |
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Stomach's 3 layer of muscle does what?
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Aid in mechanical processing of ingested materials
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Stomach is composed of what 4 regions
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- Cardiac region
- Fundus - Body - Pylorus |
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Greater Curvature
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Inferior border of stomach
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Lesser Curvature
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Superior border of stomach
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Rugae
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Internal surface folds
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What is at the junction of esophagus and stomach?
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Cardiac Sphincter
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Cardiac sphincter does what?
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Prevents regurgitation into esophagus
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Wall of stomach lined by what?
And why? |
Lined by simple columnar epithelium because little absorption occurs in stomach
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Stomach lining indented by what?
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Numerous gastric pits
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Along gastric pits are what?
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Opening of gastric glands
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What does gastric glands do?
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Secrete various substances into stomach
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Small intestine finishes what?
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Finishes chemical digestion process
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Small intestine responsible for what?
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Responsible for absorbing most nutrients
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How long does it take to digest and absorb food?
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About 12 hours
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How long is small intestine?
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About 20 feet long
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Small intestine consists of what 3 specific segments?
From proximal to distal |
- Duodenum 25cm (10 inches)
- Jejunum 2.5 m ( 7.5 ft) - Ileum 3.6 m ( 10.8 ft) |
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Duodenum shape
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C shaped
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Duodenum connects to what?
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Connects to pylorus of stomach
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Pyloric sphincter of stomach does what?
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Regulates movement of chyme into SI
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Duodenum contains what?
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Contains hepatopancreatic ampulla which is an opening of ducts from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Jejunum
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Primary region of digestion and absorption
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Ileum connects to what?
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Large Intestine
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Ileocecal valve does what?
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Regulates passages into LI
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Histology of the small intestine
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-Mucosa & Submucosa have circular folds
-Microscopic fingerlike projections called Villi on surface of circular folds -Microscopic fingerlike projections of cell membrane called microvilli on surface of villi -All serve to increase surface area for absorption |
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Large intestine (colon) forms what?
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Forms 3 sided perimeter around small intestine
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Large intestine's size
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Shorter in length but larger in diameter
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Functions of large intestines
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-Absorbs fluid & ions
-Compacts undigestible wastes and solidifies into feces -Stores feces until defecation |
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Large Intestine comprised of what?
7 things |
-Cecum
-Ascending Colon -Transverse Colon -Descending Colon -Sigmoid Colon -Rectum -Anal Canal |
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Rectum
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Muscular tube expands to store fecal material
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Rectal valves do what?
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Ensure fecal material retained during passage of gas
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Anal Canal
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Terminal end few centimeters of the large intestine
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Anal sinuses do what?
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Secrete mucin for lubrication during defecation
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What opens and closes anal canal during defecation?
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Internal and external anal sphincter
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Which anal sphincter is voluntary?
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External is voluntary
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Muscular wall of Large Intestine
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Longitudinal muscle incomplete forms bundles called tenia coli
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Tenia Coli does what?
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Bunch LI into sacs called Haustra
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Accessory Digestive Organs includes what organs?
They enter GI tract via what? |
-Liver
-Gall Bladder -Biliary Apparatus -Pancreas Via Hepatopancreatic Ampulla |
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Where is liver located?
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Upper right quadrant of abdomen
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Liver comprised of what 4 incompletely separated lobes?
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-Right lobe
-Left lobe -Caudate lobe -Quadrate lobe |
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What does liver do?
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Produces bile
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Gall bladder's location and function
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-Embedded on inferior surface of liver
-Collects & concentrates bile from liver |
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Biliary Apparatus
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-Ducts that transport bile from liver and gall bladder to small intestine
-From liver, bile drains into L&R hepatic ducts -Hepatic ducts merge to form Common hepatic duct -From gall bladder, cystic duct merges with common hepatic duct & forms common bile -Common bile ducts drains into duodenum |
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Pancreas located where?
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Located inferior to stomach in curve of duodenum
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Pancreas has both what functions?
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Endocrine and Exocrine functions
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Exocrine Functions
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-Secrete pancreatic juices into duodenum via pancreatic ducts
-Digestive enzymes & bicarbonate (Buffer for acid) |
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Where is liver located?
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Upper right quadrant of abdomen
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Liver comprised of what 4 incompletely separated lobes?
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-Right lobe
-Left lobe -Caudate lobe -Quadrate lobe |
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What does liver do?
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Produces bile
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Gall bladder's location and function
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-Embedded on inferior surface of liver
-Collects & concentrates bile from liver |
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Biliary Apparatus
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-Ducts that transport bile from liver and gall bladder to small intestine
-From liver, bile drains into L&R hepatic ducts -Hepatic ducts merge to form Common hepatic duct -From gall bladder, cystic duct merges with common hepatic duct & forms common bile -Common bile ducts drains into duodenum |
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Pancreas located where?
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Located inferior to stomach in curve of duodenum
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Pancreas has both what functions?
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Endocrine and Exocrine functions
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Exocrine Functions
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-Secrete pancreatic juices into duodenum via pancreatic ducts
-Digestive enzymes & bicarbonate (Buffer for acid) |
