Digestive System

Front 1

Nutrient-rich blood from the stomach + intestine enters the lobule through small branches of the _______________.

Back 1

Portal Vein

Front 2

Oxygen-rich blood enters the lobule through small branches of the ______________.

Back 2

Hepatic Artery

Front 3

The blood filters through the _____________ in the Hepatic Lobule, allowing the cells to remove nutrients, hormones, toxins + drugs.

Back 3

Sinusoids

Front 4

What organ releases amylase + lipase?

Back 4

Salivary glands

Front 5

What enzymes break down starch + fat?

Back 5

Amylase + lipase

Front 6

What organ releases pepsin?

Back 6

Stomach

Front 7

What enzyme breaks down protein?

Back 7

Pepsin

Front 8

Which organ releases proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin), lipase + amylase?

Back 8

Pancreas

Front 9

Which enzymes break down protein, fats + starch?

Back 9

Proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin), lipase + amylase

Front 10

Which organ releases peptidases, sucrase, lactase + maltase?

Back 10

Intestine

Front 11

Which enzymes break down peptides, sucrose (cane sugar), lactose (milk sugar) + maltose (malt sugar)

Back 11

Peptidases, sucrase, lactase + maltase

Front 12

What are the accessory organs for the digestive system?

Back 12

-Teeth

-Tongue

-Salivary glands

-Liver

-Pancreas

-Gallbladder

Front 13

Where does digestion begin?

Back 13

In the mouth

Front 14

Enzyme contained in saliva that breaks down starch.

Back 14

Amylase

Front 15

Tubular organ attached to the lower end of the cecum; serves as a source for immune cells.

Back 15

Appendix

Front 16

Yellow-green fluid secreted by the liver that aids in digestion.

Back 16

Bile

Front 17

Blind pouch that serves as the beginning of the large intestine.

Back 17

Cecum

Front 18

Cells in the gastric mucosa that secrete digestive enzymes.

Back 18

Chief cells

Front 19

Semi-fluid mixture consisting of particles of food mixed with digestive juices.

Back 19

Chyme

Front 20

Firm, yellowish tissue forming the bulk of a tooth.

Back 20

Dentin

Front 21

The first 10" of small intestine; the portion of intestine that performs most digestive processes.

Back 21

Duodenum

Front 22

Network of nerves innervating the digestive system.

Back 22

Enteric nervous system

Front 23

Cells in the gastric mucosa that secrete the hormone ghrelin.

Back 23

Enteroendocrine cells

Front 24

Muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach

Back 24

Esophagus

Front 25

Sac attached to the liver that stores + concentrates bile

Back 25

Gallbladder

Front 26

Depressions within the gastric mucosa containing glands that secrete components of gastric juice

Back 26

Gastric pits

Front 27

Tissue surrounding the necks of teeth; gums

Back 27

Gingiva

Front 28

Bony structure that separates the mouth from the nasal cavity

Back 28

Hard palate

Front 29

Pouches along the length of the large intestine.

Back 29

Haustra

Front 30

The third + last portion of the small intestine.

Back 30

Ileum

Front 31

The second portion of the small intestine; location where many nutrients are absorbed.

Back 31

Jejunum

Front 32

Lymph vessel found inside the villi of the small intestine.

Back 32

Lacteal

Front 33

Enzyme that digests fat

Back 33

Lipase

Front 34

Process of chewing, which begins the digestion of food.

Back 34

Mastication

Front 35

Sheet of connective tissue that suspends the digestive organs within the abdominal cavity.

Back 35

Mesentery

Front 36

Salivary gland located just underneath the skin anterior to the ear.

Back 36

Parotid gland

Front 37

Wave-like muscular contractions that propel food along the digestive tract

Back 37

Peristalsis

Front 38

Enzymes working in the stomach + small intestine to break peptide bonds.

Back 38

Proteases

Front 39

Folds of mucosa + submucosa in the stomach.

Back 39

Rugae

Front 40

Glands in the oral cavity that secrete saliva

Back 40

Salivary glands

Front 41

Type of contraction in the small intestine that involves ring-like constrictions.

Back 41

Segmentation

Front 42

Structure consisting mostly of skeletal muscle that forms an arch between the mouth + the nasopharynx.

Back 42

Soft palate

Front 43

In which phase of digestion do enzymes break down food into particles cells can absorb?

Back 43

Chemical digestion

Front 44

The layer of the digestive tract that contracts + relaxes to propel food forward is the...

Back 44

Muscularis

Front 45

Which mesentery hangs over the small intestine like an apron?

Back 45

Greater omentum

Front 46

Which enzyme acts in the mouth to begin the breakdown of starch?

Back 46

Amylase

Front 47

The muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach is the...

Back 47

Esophagus

Front 48

How do triglycerides enter the bloodstream?

Back 48

They enter the lacteal + travel through the Lymphatic System to enter the bloodstream.

Front 49

What is the purpose of the rugae?

Back 49

To allow the stomach to expand

Front 50

What acts as an initial trigger to the stomach to begin secreting gastric juice?

Back 50

The smell of food

Front 51

Which pancreatic cells secrete digestive enzymes?

Back 51

Acinar cells

Front 52

Most nutrients are absorbed in the...

Back 52

Small intestine

Front 53

Where is most fat digested?

Back 53

In the duodenum

Front 54

Another name for the digestive tract is the...

Back 54

Alimentary canal

Front 55

The study of the digestive tract + the diagnosis + treatment of its diseases is called...

Back 55

Gastroenterology

Front 56

What are the layers of the digestive tract?

Back 56

-Mucosa

-Submucosa

-Muscularis

-Serosa

Front 57

This breaks down food-both physically + chemically- + transforms it into a substance that cells can use...

Back 57

Digestion

Front 58

This is the first phase of digestion. It involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces, beginning with chewing in the mouth + continuing with contractions + churning in the stomach + small intestine.

Back 58

Mechanical digestion

Front 59

The second phase of digestion uses digestive enzymes produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas + small intestines to break down food particles into nutrients (such as glucose, amino acids, + fatty acids) that cells can use.

Back 59

Chemical digestion

Front 60

This is the innermost layer of the digestive tract + it consists of 3 layers of its own: an inner layer of epithelium, a layer of loose connective tissue, + a thin layer of smooth muscle.

Back 60

Mucosa

Front 61

This is a thicker layer of connective tissue within the digestive tract. It contains glands, blood vessels, lymphatic Vessels, + nerves.

Back 61

Submucosa

Front 62

This consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle: the inner layer encircles the tract while the outer layer runs longitudinally. This layer regularly contracts + relaxes to propel food through the digestive tract.

Back 62

Muscularis

Front 63

This is the outermost layer of the digestive tract. It covers the portion of the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity.

Back 63

Serosa

Front 64

The outer layer of the digestive tract located in the esophagus + rectum is called...

Back 64

The adventitia

Front 65

This is a network of nerves that innervates the digestive system.

Back 65

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

Front 66

This fixes the colon to the posterior abdominal wall.

Back 66

Mesocolon

Front 67

The salivary glands secrete this clear fluid consisting mostly of water, but also containing mucus, an enzyme that kills bacteria, antibacterial compounds, electrolytes, + 2 digestive enzymes.

Back 67

Saliva

Front 68

This is the portion of the tooth above the gum.

Back 68

Crown

Front 69

The root + the crown meet at a location called the...

Back 69

Neck

Front 70

This is embedded in a socket in the jawbone.

Back 70

Root

Front 71

This is a hard tissue that covers the crown...

Back 71

Enamel

Front 72

The bulk of the tooth consists of a firm, yellowish tissue called...

Back 72

Dentin

Front 73

This contains a mass of connective tissue, blood + lymphatic Vessels, + nerves called pulp.

Back 73

Pulp cavity

Front 74

This fills the root canals of each root

Back 74

Pulp

Front 75

This lines the socket; fibers from the ligament infiltrate both the root + the socket to anchor the tooth in place.

Back 75

Periodontal ligament

Front 76

This is a connective tissue that covers the dentin in the root.

Back 76

Cementum

Front 77

This is the hardest substance in the body.

Back 77

Enamel

Front 78

Chyme leaves the stomach + enters the duodenum by passing through the...

Back 78

Pyloric sphincter

Front 79

What is the primary function of the stomach?

Back 79

To store food

Front 80

How does the stomach prepare food for digestion?

Back 80

By contracting + churning to break food into small particles + to mix it with gastric juices.

Front 81

These secrete hydrochloric acid + intrinsic factor (necessary for the absorption of B12). Hydrochloric acid helps kill microbes in swallowed foods.

Back 81

Parietal cells

Front 82

These secrete digestive enzymes, such as pepsinogen.

Back 82

Chief cells

Front 83

This delivers oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver.

Back 83

Hepatic artery

Front 84

This carries oxygen-poor but nutrient rich blood from the digestive organs and the spleen to the liver.

Back 84

Portal vein

Front 85

In between the sheets of hepatic cells are passageways filled with blood called...

Back 85

Sinusoids

Front 86

What is the function of the sinusoids in the liver lobules?

Back 86

Blood filters through them, allowing the cells to remove nutrients (such as glucose, amino acids, iron + vitamins) as well as hormones, toxins, + drugs.

Front 87

What is the flow of bile from the liver through the pancreas?

Back 87

-Leaves liver through the R + L hepatic duct

-joins in the common hepatic duct

-moves into the common bile duct

-backs up into the gallbladder through the cystic duct

-then the bile duct merges with the duct of the pancreas to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

-enters the duodenum at raised area called major duodenal papilla

-then a sphincter called the hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi) controls the flow of bile + pancreatic juice into the duodenum

Front 88

These secrete digestive enzymes in an inactive form; once activated in the duodenum, the enzymes help break down lipids, proteins + carbs.

Back 88

Acinar cells