Digestive System

Front 1

What are the general functions of the digestive system?

Back 1

Ingestion, digestion (chemical & mechanical), absorption, compaction, defecation

Front 2

What are the two parts the digestive system are broken into and what do they include?

Back 2

The alimentary canal or digestive tract (gastrointestinal tract is major part of length) and the accessory organs (teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas, etc.)

Front 3

List the four layers of the digestive tube, from innermost to outermost.

Back 3

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa or adventitia

Front 4

What are the subdivisions of mucosa and what are its tissue types?

Back 4

Epithelium- primarily simple columnar epithelium, except in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal=stratified squamous

Lamina propria- loose connective tissue

Muscularis mucosa- thin layer of smooth muscle

Front 5

What are the tissue types of the submucosa?

Back 5

Loose connective tissue and MALT

Front 6

Describe the muscularis externa, its subdivisions, and the tissue types found here.

Back 6

Peristalsis is responsible for mixing and movement. Consists of two layers of smooth muscle separated by myenteric plexus: circular layer (inner layer) & longitudinal layer (outer layer)

Front 7

Describe the serosa or adventia and the tissues types that are found here.

Back 7

Thin layer of areolar connective tissue covered by a simple squamous mesothelium

Front 8

Name and describe the location of the two layers of nervous tissue found within the gut wall.

Back 8

Myenteric plexus: between layers of muscularis externa

Submucosal plexus: in the submucosa

Front 9

Where can you find parietal peritoneum?

Back 9

On the body wall

Front 10

What do you call organs that are only covered on one surface by peritoneum?

Back 10

Retroperitoneal

Front 11

What is visceral peritoneum?

Back 11

The serosa

Front 12

What do you call an organ enclosed on both sides by serosa?

Back 12

Intraperitoneal

Front 13

What are the major folds of the peritoneum?

Back 13

Mesentery, mesocolon, falciform ligament, greater omentum, lesser omentum

Front 14

Mesentery

Back 14

Secures small intestine to posterior wall

Front 15

Mesocolon

Back 15

Secures large intestine to posterior wall

Front 16

Falciform ligament

Back 16

Secures the liver to diaphragm and anterior wall

Front 17

Greater omentum

Back 17

Fatty "apron" draped over intestines, from the greater curvature of the stomach back up to the large intestine

Front 18

Lesser omentum

Back 18

from liver to lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum

Front 19

Describe the boundaries and content of the oral cavity.

Back 19

Lined with stratified squamous; made up of cheeks, lips (vestibule), hard and soft palate (uvula), and the tongue

Front 20

Describe the muscles of the tongue.

Back 20

Intrinsic muscles: give tongue its shape

Extrinsic muscles: originate elsewhere and insert on the tongue and move the tongue

Lingual frenulum: prevents you from "swallowing" your tongue

Front 21

Describe the basic structure of a tooth.

Back 21

Anchored in bony socket by cementum (glue) & periodontal ligament (shock absorber)

Front 22

How many dentition(s) (sets of teeth) do you have and describe them.

Back 22

Deciduous (primary): have 20; erupt between 6mo to 2.5yrs; lost between 6yrs-12yrs

Permanent (secondary): Have 32; erupt between 6yrs to 25yrs

Front 23

What are the four types of teeth and their general functions?

Back 23

Incisors (2): Bite

Canines (1): Puncture

Premolars (2): Crush and grind

Molars (3): Crush and grind

Front 24

List the three pairs of major salivary glands.

Back 24

Parotid, submandibular, & sublingual

Front 25

Where are the parotid glands located?

Back 25

Just beneath skin anterior to the earlobe; duct opens opposite 2nd molar

Front 26

Where is the submandibular glands located?

Back 26

Located halfway along the body of the mandible; duct opens on the side of the lingual frenulum

Front 27

Where are the sublingual glands located?

Back 27

Located under the tongue; duct opens posterior to the submandibular duct

Front 28

Describe the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and where it is found.

Back 28

Also known as upper esophageal sphincter; between the esophagus and pharynx; a physiological sphincter that keeps air from entering esophagus

Front 29

Describe the histology of the esophagus.

Back 29

Upper 1/3: Skeletal muscle

Middle 1/3: Mixed

Lower 1/3: Smooth muscle

Lined with stratified squamous

Front 30

What sphincter can you find in the esophagus and what is its function?

Back 30

Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter; physiological sphincter prevents gastroesophageal reflux

Front 31

What are the four regions of the stomach?

Back 31

Cardiac, fundic, corpus (body), & pyloric

Front 32

What sphincter can you find in the stomach and what is its function?

Back 32

Pyloric (gastroduodenal) sphincter; regulates entry into the small intestine

Front 33

Describe the functions of the stomach and the features that provide assistance.

Back 33

Very mobile; very distensible; has internal rugae, folds that allow expansion; muscularis has 3rd oblique layer to improve mixing; mucosa changes to simple columnar; stomach in general functions as a holding tank, begins chemical digestion, & regulates entry into small intestine

Front 34

What are the divisions of the small intestine and how long are they?

Back 34

Duodenum: 25cm

Jejunum: 1m

Ileum: 2m

Front 35

What four features of the small intestine enhance digestion and absorption of nutrients?

Back 35

Circular folds (plicae circulares), mucosa folded into villi, has microvilli, and is long in length

Front 36

What is the function of the ileocecal valve?

Back 36

Prevents backflow from the large intestine

Front 37

What is the function of the large intestine?

Back 37

Absorb water, some nutrients and vitamins; and defecation

Front 38

What feature of the large intestine contracts, pulling the colon into pouches called haustra?

Back 38

Longitudinal muscularis has thickened bands, taenia coli

Front 39

How does the large intestine compare to the small intestine/

Back 39

Shorter the small intestine but has greater diameter.

Front 40

What are the four regions of the large intestine?

Back 40

Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

Front 41

The colon has 4 parts, 2 flexures. What are they?

Back 41

Ascending colon, Right Colic flexure, Transverse colon, Left Colic flexure, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon

Front 42

What are the two sphincters of the anal canal and what are they made of? Why different types of muscle for the sphincters?

Back 42

Internal anal sphincter: Smooth muscle

External anal sphincter: Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle is involuntary and skeletal is voluntary.

Front 43

What is the subdivision of the cecum? What can you find there?

Back 43

Vermiform appendix; MALT

Front 44

Describe the function of the liver.

Back 44

Primary metabolic factory with dual blood supply

Front 45

Describe the histology and structure of the liver.

Back 45

Functional unit is a lobule; major cell type is hepatocyte; hepatocytes produce bile; surrounds sinusoids and bile canaliculi (beginning of bile transport system); surrounded by a fibrous capsule

Front 46

Describe the dual blood supply to the liver.

Back 46

Job: Deoxygenated, nutrient rich blood from hepatic portal vein

Nutrition: Oxygenated blood from hepatic artery

Front 47

What is the function of the gall bladder? Where is it located?

Back 47

Stores and concentrates bile; pear shaped sac under the liver

Front 48

Describe the structure, histology, and location of the pancreas.

Back 48

Elongated, retroperitoneal, deep to stomach; head fits in "c" of duodenum; 99% acini (exocrine glandular clusters that produce pancreatic juice) and 1% pancreatic islets (produces insulin and other hormones)

Front 49

Trace a path of food through the GI tract, naming all the features and sphincters it would pass through.

Back 49

Oral cavity-> teeth-> pharynx -> inferior pharyngeal constrictor-> esophagus-> lower esophageal sphincter-> stomach (cardiac, fundic, corpus, pyloric)-> pyloric sphincter-> duodenum-> jejunum-> ileum->ileocecal valve-> cecum-> ascending colon-> right colic flexure-> transverse colon-> left colic flexure-> descending colon-> sigmoid colon-> rectum-> anal canal-> anus

Front 50

Duoden

Back 50

12

Front 51

Entero

Back 51

Intestine

Front 52

Falci

Back 52

Sickle

Front 53

Gastro

Back 53

Stomach

Front 54

Hepato

Back 54

Liver

Front 55

Intra

Back 55

Within

Front 56

Jejun

Back 56

Empty, dry

Front 57

Lingu

Back 57

Tongue

Front 58

Pylor

Back 58

Gatekeeper

Front 59

Rect

Back 59

Straight

Front 60

Sigm or S

Back 60

S-Shaped

Front 61

Vermi

Back 61

Worm