Digestive System

Front 1

The alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) consists of:

Back 1

mouth (oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and anus

Front 2

The accessory digestive organs consist of:

Back 2

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Front 3

What are the 6 digestive processes?

Back 3

ingestion, mechanical digestion, propulsion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

Front 4

Peristalsis

Back 4

major means of propulsion, adjacent segments of the alimentary canal relax and contract

Front 5

Segmentation

Back 5

rhythmic local contractions of the intestine, mixes food with digestive juices, increases efficiency of absorption

Front 6

Peritoneal cavity

Back 6

potential space with fluid

Front 7

Peritoneum (visceral and parietal)

Back 7

visceral-- covers organs

parietal--lines body wall

Front 8

mesentery

Back 8

double layer of peritoneum

Front 9

peritoneal organs

Back 9

surrounded by peritoneum and are suspended by their mesentery

Front 10

retroperitoneal organs

Back 10

organ is behind the peritoneum; mesentery fuse with dorsal abdominal wall

Front 11

mesenteries

Back 11

double-layered sheets of peritoneum; connect organs to dorsal and ventral body wall (vessels/nerves), some are called ligaments--not same as fibrous ligaments

Front 12

What are the 4 retroperitoneal organs?

Back 12

duodoneum, pancreas, urinary bladder, kidneys

Front 13

peritonitis

Back 13

inflammation and infections of the peritoneum

Front 14

The GI tract from the esophagus through the large intestine is a tube composed of four concentric layers called ______

Back 14

tunics

Front 15

from inner to outer the 4 tunics in the GI tract are?

Back 15

tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica adventitia or serosa

Front 16

histology of mucosa

Back 16

innermost layer (epithelium, lamina propia, and musc. mucosa)

Front 17

submucosa

Back 17

CT, nerves, BVs, and lymphatics

Front 18

muscularis externa

Back 18

inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

Front 19

enteric nervous system

Back 19

submucosal plexus (signals secretion), myenteric plexus (signals movement), parasympathetics (stimulate), sympathetics (inhibit)

Front 20

tissue type in oral cavity

Back 20

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 21

lips and cheek mucles

Back 21

obicularis oris muscle, buccinator muscle

Front 22

the palate (roof of mouth) consists of :

Back 22

hard palate and soft palate

Front 23

the tongue has what 2 types of muscles? function?

Back 23

intrinsic/extrinsic muscles, taste eating and vocalization

Front 24

The salivary glands are made of serous and mucus glands which include:

Back 24

parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands, and small individual glands

Front 25

Saliva is made of:

Back 25

water, ions, mucus, enzymes, and antibodies

Front 26

What is secreted by the parotid gland

Back 26

secretion of proteins/ion (serous type gland)

Front 27

What is secreted by the sublingual gland

Back 27

mucous secretion

Front 28

What is secreted by the submandibular gland

Back 28

mixed seromucous type secretion

Front 29

What are the 5 functions of the saliva

Back 29

1) Moistensingested food and helps turn it into a semisolid mass called a bolus that ismore easily swallowed 2) Moistensand cleanses the oral cavity structures 3) Firststep in chemical digestion occurs when the enzyme amylase in saliva begins tobreak down carbohydrates 4) Containsantibodies and an antibacterial element called lysozyme that helps inhibitbacterial growth in the oral cavity 5) Waterymedium into which food molecules are dissolved so taste receptors can bestimulated.

Front 30

Describe the anatomy and function of teeth (dentition)

Back 30

has a crown, constricted neck, and one or more roots anchoring it to the jaw; roots fit tightly into dental alveoli (sockets within the alveolar bone of both the maxillae and mandible); enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp; periodontal ligament binds the cementum of the root to the alveolar bone---- responsible for mastication, the first part of the mechanical digestion

Front 31

How many deciduous teeth are there in children?

Back 31

20

Front 32

Deciduous teeth are lost and replaced by ____ permanent teeth (beginning at about 6 years)

Back 32

32

Front 33

Deciduous teeth begin to erupt at about ____ months and about all 20 deciduous teeth have erupted by ____ years of age.

Back 33

6, 2

Front 34

Generally, by age of 16 all permanent teeth have erupted except for the ___ ____ (wisdom teeth) which emerge between 17 and 25 years)

Back 34

3rd molars

Front 35

Portions of pharynx and what does it link?

Back 35

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx; links oral and nasal cavity with larynx and esophagus (passages for air and food)

Front 36

Describe the tissue type, muscles, and innervation of the pharynx

Back 36

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium except in the nasopharynx, external muscle layer superior, middle, ad inferior pharyngeal constrictors; innervated by pharyngeal plexus made by CN 9, 10, and bit of 11

Front 37

What does the esophagus (muscular tube) connect

Back 37

pharynx to the stomach

Front 38

Location and tissue type of esophageal hiatus

Back 38

in diaphragm, non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 39

Mucous glands are found in ____ _____

Back 39

lamina propia

Front 40

Describe the layers of the muscularis externa

Back 40

skeletal muscle (1st third), mix skeletal and smooth muscle (2nd third), smooth muscle (last third)

Front 41

The external layer of the esophagus is called ________

Back 41

adventitia

Front 42

What is the primary function of the stomach

Back 42

food churned into chyme, generates pepsin and HCl for protein digestion

Front 43

What are the cardiac regions of the stomach

Back 43

cardiac oriface, cardiac sphincter, prevents regurgitation into esophagus

Front 44

what is the fundus and body of the stomach

Back 44

circular, longitudinal and oblique muscle

Front 45

What is the pyloirc region of the stomach

Back 45

pyloric sphincter controls chyme flow, parasympathetic opens it, sympathetic closes it

Front 46

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the stomach

Back 46

lining is simple columnar epithelium made of mucus lining goblet cells secreting a thick buffered mucus

Front 47

gastric pits in stomach

Back 47

serve as recessed opening for tubular glands

Front 48

Describe the cells in the tubular glands

Back 48

mucus neck cells - secrete more watery mucus; parietal cells - generate hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor (B12 uptake); chief cells- pepsinogen/pepsin; enteroendocrine cells - up to 17 types; one type releases gastrin (regulates acid production); stem cells- source of replacement cells

Front 49

hiatal hernia

Back 49

part of stomach pushes through esophageal hiatus into thorax

Front 50

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 50

abnormal weakness of cardiac sphincter, stomach contents enter esophagus, burning sensation belching and coughing, can lead to acid damage of vocal cord and lungs and ulcers

Front 51

What is gastritis, what is it due to, and what can it lead to?

Back 51

inflammation of gastric lining, due to drug ingestion (aspirin/aslcohol), stress, bacterial infections (50-80% due to helicobacter pylori bacteria), can lead to peptic ulcer-- crater-like erosions of mucosa, erode BVs resulting in bleeding, can cause peritonitis or damage to nearby organs (treatments are antibiotics, anti-acids, and pharmaceuticals)

Front 52

What is the small intestine and what are the functions?

Back 52

longest portion of GI tract; responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption; functions in enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption

Front 53

What are the subdivisions of the small intestine?

Back 53

duodenum (1 ft long), retroperitoneal, pancreas and bile duct empty into it (digestive enzyme released-- neutralizes stomach acid), jejunum (8 ft long), ileum (12 ft long)

Front 54

What are the structural features of the small intestine?

Back 54

circular folds (plicae), villi (finger like projections with core of BVs and lymphatics --lacteals), microvilli (increase surface area), and intestinal crypts (tubular glands found between villi)

Front 55

Describe the epithelial cell types in the small intestine

Back 55

simple columnar epithelium

Front 56

absorptive cells (enterocytes)

Back 56

nutrient absorption and assembly of lipoproteins (chylomicrons) that are transported into lacteals

Front 57

goblet cells

Back 57

secrete mucus

Front 58

Brunner's gland cell

Back 58

in duodenum help neutralize stomach acid

Front 59

intestinal crypts

Back 59

secrete watery substance that mixes with chyme

Front 60

enteroendocrine cells

Back 60

secrete cholecystokiin (gall bladder and pancreas secretion) and secretin

Front 61

paneth cells

Back 61

secrete antimicrobial cells

Front 62

What are the 2 main functions of the large intestine

Back 62

absorb water and electrolytessss

Front 63

Mass ______ movements force feces toward the rectum

Back 63

peristaltic

Front 64

Describe the gross anatomy of the large intestine

Back 64

cecum, vermiform appendex, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon, teniae coli and huastra), rectum, anal canal

Front 65

What are the 6 parts of the colon?

Back 65

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon, teniae coli, and haustra

Front 66

What is vermiform appendix and its function?

Back 66

lymphoid tissue, neutralizes pathogens

Front 67

appendicitis

Back 67

inflammation of appendix

Front 68

rectum

Back 68

well developed muscle

Front 69

colostomy

Back 69

surgical bypass of large intestines of rectum

Front 70

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the large intestines

Back 70

short or no villi, intestinal crypts, goblet cells, lymphocytes underlying mucosa, inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle (teniae coli)

Front 71

intestinal crypts

Back 71

simple tubular glands made of simple columnar epithelial cells

Front 72

gross anatomy of anal canal

Back 72

epithelium changes at anal canal; columnar to stratified squamous epithelium, sphincter (inner involuntary and outer voluntary muscle)

Front 73

defacation

Back 73

when fecal matter enters rectum, it initiates contraction while anal sphincter relaxes. Can be voluntarily delayed.

Front 74

Hemorrhoids

Back 74

varicosities of veins

Front 75

the Liver

Back 75

largest gland in the body, below diaphragm on the right side, performs over 500 functions

Front 76

Right and left branches of hepaticportal vein and hepatic artery enter the liver at the ___ _____while the right and left ____ _____ leaves the liver at the porta hepatisand form the common hepatic duct which is joined by the _____ _____ and goesinto the ________

Back 76

porta hepatis, bile duct, cystic duct, duodenum

Front 77

Describe the microscopic anatomy of liver

Back 77

liver lobules, central veins, portal triads, liver (hepatic) sinusoids, hepatocytes, kupffer cells, bile canaliculus

Front 78

What makes up the portal triad

Back 78

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct

Front 79

What are some of the functions of the liver

Back 79

Produces bile, a greenish fluid that breaks downfats into small droplets to assist in their chemical digestion, Detoxifies drugs, metabolites, andpoisons. •Stores excess nutrients andvitamins and releases them when they are needed.•Synthesizes blood plasma proteinssuch as albumins, globulins, and proteins required for blood clotting. •Phagocytizes debris in the blood. •Helps to break down and recyclecomponents of aged and damaged erythrocytes.