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85 Cards in this Set

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Accessory Organs
Consist of the organs that are part of the digestive system, but not part of the continuous tube from mouth to anus; consist of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands
Alimentary Canal
Also known as the gastrointestinal system or digestive system. Covers the area between the mouth and the anus and includes 30 feet of intestinal tubing. Serves to store and digest food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. Major organs are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus.
Amino Acids
An organic substance found in plasma. Used by cells to build proteins
Anus
Terminal opening of the digestive tube.
Colon
Also called the large intestines; functions to reabsorb most of the fluid in the digested food; material that remains after water reabsorption is feces
Esophagus
The tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Gallbladder
This small organ is located just under the liver. It functions to store the bile produced by the liver. Releases bile into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
Gastrointestinal System
System that digests food and absorbs nutrients. Include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and anus. Also called the digestive system.
Glucose
The form of sugar used by the cells of the body to make energy. Transported to the cells in the blood.
Gut
Name for the continuous muscular tube that stretches between the mouth and anus; also called the alimentary canal
Liver
A large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Its digestive system role includes producing bile, processing the absorbed nutrients, and detoxifying harmful substances.
Mouth
The external opening of the alimentary canal. It contains the teeth and tongue for biting and chewing food.
Oral Cavity
The mouth.
Pancreas
Organs in the digestive system that produces digestive enzymes. Also a gland in the endocrine system that produces two hormones, insulin and glucagon
Pharynx
Medical term for the throat. The passageway that conducts air from the nasal cavity to the trachea, and also carries food and drink from the mouth to the esophagus.
Rectum
An area at the end of the digestive tube for storage of feces that leads to the anus.
Salivary Glands
Exocrine glands with ducts that open into the mouth. They produce saliva, which makes the bolus of food easier to swallow and begins the digestive process.
Small Intestines
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and colon, and the major site of nutrient absorption.
Stomach
A J-shaped muscular organ that acts as a sac to collect, churn, digest, and store food.
Triglycerides
Simple nutrient molecules absorbed from the intestines and circulated throughout the body.
Cheeks
Form the lateral walls of the oral cavity.
Lips
The anterior opening of the oral cavity.
Palate
The roof of the mouth. The anterior portion is hard or bony, and the posterior portion is soft or flexible.
Saliva
Watery fluid secreted into teh mouth from the salivary galnds; contains digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates and lubricants that make it easier to swallow food.
Taste Buds
Found on the surface of the tongue; designed to detect bitter, sweet, sour, and salty flavors in our food.
Teeth
Structures in mouth that mechanically break up food into smaller pieces during chewing.
Tongue
A muscular organ in the floor of the mouth. Works to move food around inside the mouth and is also necessary for speech.
Uvula
Structure that hangs down from the posterior edge of the soft palate and helps in the production of speech and is the location of the gag reflex.
Bicuspids
Premolar permanent teeth having two cusps or projections that assist in grinding food. Humans have 8 of these.
Canines
Also called the cuspid teeth or eyeteeth. Permanent teeth located between the incisors and the biscuspids that assist in biting and cutting food. Humans have 4 of these.
Crown
Portion of a tooth that is covered by enamel. Also an artificial covering for the tooth created to replace the original enamel.
Cuspids
Permanent teeth located between the incisors and the bicuspids that assist in biting and cutting food. Humans have 4 of these.
Deciduous Teeth
The 20 teeth that begin to erupt around the age of 6 months. Eventually pushed out by the permanent teeth.
Dentin
The main bulk of the tooth. It is covered by enamel.
Enamel
The hardest substance in the body. Covers the outer surface of teeth.
Incisors
Biting teeth in the very front of the mouth that function to cut food into smaller pieces. Humans have 8 of these teeth.
Molars
Large somewhat flat-topped back teeth. Function to grind food. Humans can have up to 12 of these.
Orthodontics
The dental speciality concerned with straightening teeth.
Permanent Teeth
The 32 of these teeth begin to erupt at about the age of 6. Ususally complete by the age of 16.
Premolars
Another term for the bicuspid teeth.
Pulp Cavity
The hollow interior of a tooth; contains soft tissue made up of blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels.
Root
The portion of a tooth below the gum line.
Root Canal
Dental treatment involving the pulp cavity of the root of a tooth. Procedure is used to save a tooth that is badly infected or abcessed.
Epiglottis
A flap of cartilage that covers the larynx when a person swallows; prevents food and drink from entering the larynx and trachea.
Laryngopharynx
The inferior section of the pharynx. It lies at the same level in the neck as the larynx; carries food and drink to the esophagus.
Oropharynx
The middle section of the pharynx that receives food and drink from the mouth.
Peristalsis
The wave-like muscular movements in the wall of the digestive system tube-esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and colon- that function to move food along the tube.
Antrum
The tapered distal end of the stomach.
Body
The main portion of the stomach.
Cardiac Sphincter
Also called the lower esophageal sphincter; prevents food and gastric juices from backing up into the esophagus.
Chyme
Semisoft mixture of food and digestive fluids that pass from the stomach into the small intestines.
Fundus
The domed upper portion of an organ such as the stomach or uterus.
Hydrochloric Acid
Acid secreted by the stomach lining. Aids in digestion.
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Also called the cardiac sphincter. Prevents food and gastric juices from backing up into the esophagus.
Pyloric Sphincter
Sphincter at the distal end of the stomach; controls the passage of food into the duodenum.
Rugae
The prominent folds in the mucosa of the stomach. They smooth out and almost disappear allowing the stomach to expand when it is full of food.
Sphincters
A ring of muscle around a tubular organ; can contract to control the opening of the tube.
Duodenum
The first section of small intestines; where digestion is completed after the chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas and gallbladder.
Ileocecal Valve
Sphincter between the ileum and the cecum
Ileum
The third portion of the small intestines; joins the colon at the cecum.
Jejunum
The middle portion of the small intestines. Site of nutrient absorption.
Anal Sphincter
Ring of muscle that controls anal opening.
Appendix
A small outgrowth at the end of the cecum. Its function or purpose is unknown.
Ascending Colon
The section of the colon following the cecum; ascends the right side of the abdomen.
Cecum
First portion of the colon; is a blind pouch off the beginning of the large intestine; the appendix grows out of the end of this.
Defectaion
Evaluation of feces from the rectum.
Descending Colon
The section of the colon that descends the left side of the abdomen.
Feces
Food that oannot be digested becomes a waste product and is expelled or defecated as this.
Sigmoid Colon
The final section of the colon; it follows an S-shaped path and terminates in the rectum
Transverse Colon
The section of the colon that crosses the upper abdomen from the right side of the body to the left.
Gallbladder
This small organ is located just under the liver. It functions to store the bile produced by the liver; releases bile into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
Liver
A large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; serves many functions in the body- digestive system role includes producing bile, processing the absorbed nutrients, and detoxifying harmful substances.
Pancreas
Organ in the digestive system that produces digestive enzymes; also a gland in the endocrine system that produces two hormones, insulin and glucagon.
Salivary Glands
Exocrine glands with ducts that open into the mouth; produce saliva, which makes the bolus of food easier to swallow and begins the digestive process.
Amylase
Digestive enzyme found in saliva that begins the digestion of carbohydrates.
Bolus
Chewed up morsel of food ready to be swallowed.
Parotid Glands
A pair of salivary glands located in front of the ears
Sublingual Glands
A pair of salivary glands in the floor of the mouth.
Submandibular Glands
A pair of salivary glands in the floor of the mouth. (same as sublingual glands)
Bile
Substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; added to the chyme in the duodenum and functions to emulsify fats so they can be digested and absorbed; cholesterol is essential for production of this
Emulsification
To make fats and lipids more soluble in water.
Cholesterol
An organic substance found in plasma; used by cells to build cell membrances and by the liver to produce bile; too much of this is associated with blocked arteries
Common Bile Duct
A duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum
Gallstones
Stones that form in the gallbladder, ususally from excess cholesterol
Pancreatic Enzymes
Digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas and added to the chyme in the duodenum