Digestive System

Front 1

Accessory Organs

Back 1

Pancreas, liver, gall bladder. Their role in the process of digestion is vital but they are not physically part of the digestive tract

Front 2

Salivary Amylase

Back 2

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into simpler sugars

Front 3

Carbohydrase

Back 3

Enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of carbohydrates

Front 4

Catalyst

Back 4

Chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction

Front 5

Hydrolysis

Back 5

Chemical creation in which the addition of a water molecules cleaves a macromolecule into subunits; one hydrogen atom from water is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group is bonded to the other subunit, breaking a covalent bond in the macromolecule

Front 6

Chyme

Back 6

Thick liquid formed by mixing food with gastric juice in the stomach

Front 7

Digestive Tract

Back 7

A long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, through which food moves and is broken down into simpler compounds that are used for energy, growth and cell repair

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Bolus

Back 8

Smooth, lump-like mass of food rolled by the tongue to aid swallowing

Front 9

Macromolecule

Back 9

A large complex assembly of organic molecules (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids)

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Liver

Back 10

Organ found in the abdomen that performs hundreds of functions as an accessory organ of the digestive system, including the secretion of bile to digest fats; other functions include plasma protein production, blood detoxification, and glycogen storage

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Disaccharide

Back 11

Sugar that can be hydrolysized into two monosaccharide subunits (e.g. maltose, sucrose)

Front 12

Monosaccharide

Back 12

Simple sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose)

Front 13

Esophageal/Cardiac Sphincter

Back 13

A muscular ring between the esophagus and the stomach that controls the movement of food into and out of the stomach

Front 14

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 14

To form a covalent bond between two subunit molecules, an –OH (Hydroxyl) group is removed from one subunit and a hydrogen atom is removed from the other subunit (a molecule of water is removed)

Front 15

Gall Bladder

Back 15

Organ that stores bile produced by the liver

Front 16

Gastrin

Back 16

Stomach hormone that stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and the inactive precursor molecule of pepsin from glands in the stomach

Front 17

Homeostasis

Back 17

The tendency of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

Front 18

Lipase

Back 18

Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

Front 19

Bioavailability

Back 19

The amount of a nutrient that a person absorbs from a source rather than the total amount actually in the source

Front 20

Enzyme

Back 20

Protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction

Front 21

Pancreas

Back 21

A small gland in the abdomen that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine as well as bicarbonate to neutralize hydrochloric acid from the stomach; also secretes hormone insulin

Front 22

Inhibitor

Back 22

Molecule that attaches to an enzyme and reduces its ability to bind substrate; competitive vs non-competitive

Front 23

Pepsin

Back 23

Protein-digesting enzyme secreted in the stomach; remains inactive until hydrochloric acid is present

Front 24

Peristalsis

Back 24

Wave-like series of muscular contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal muscles that surround the various parts of the digestive tract; aids the movement of food through the digestive tract

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Polysaccharide

Back 25

Complex carbohydrate consisting of many simple sugars linked together (E.g. starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Front 26

Proteases

Back 26

Enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptide bonds that link amino acids in proteins and peptides

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Substrate

Back 27

Substance upon which an enzyme acts

Front 28

Triglyceride

Back 28

High-energy organic molecule composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules; main component of fats and oils

Front 29

Villus (Villi)

Back 29

Finger like projection along the ridges of the small intestine; increases surface area to aid in the absorption of nutrients

Front 30

Essential Amino Acid

Back 30

Any nine of twenty amino acids that must come from the diet because the human body cannot synthesize

Front 31

Nucleic Acid

Back 31

Macromolecule fomed from a long chain of nucleotide su
Bunits, each consisting of a five-carbon simple sugar, a nitrogen containing base and a phosphate group (DNA and RNA)

Front 32

Peptide Bond

Back 32

Bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another in a protein

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Protein

Back 33

Organic macromolecule assembled from subunits of amino acids

Front 34

Segmentation

Back 34

A process by which some physical digestion occurs in the small intestinal chyme sloshes back and forth between segments of the small intestine that form when bands of circular muscle briefly contract

Front 35

Pyloric Sphincter

Back 35

Muscular ring that acts as a valve between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), controlling the passage of food out of the stomach

Front 36

Small Intestine

Back 36

Length of the digestive tract comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; main function is to complete the digestion of macromolecules and to absorb their component subunits

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Large Intestine

Back 37

Portion of the digestive system comprised of the caecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal; main function is to concentrate and eliminate waste materials