Digestive System

Front 1

functions of the
digestive system

Back 1

ingestion of food

movement of food along GI tract

mechanical + chemical digestion of food

absorption of nutrients

elimination of wastes

Front 2

parts of the
alimentary canal

Back 2

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

Front 3

accessory digestive organs

Back 3

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gall bladder

Front 4

study of the
digestive system

Back 4

gastroenterology

Front 5

digestion

Back 5

the conversion of food into chemical substances that can be absorbed and assimilated

Front 6

lines the
digestive tract

Back 6

mucous membrane

Front 7

functions of
mucous membrane lining

Back 7

protection of underlying tissues

absorption of digested food

Front 8

separates oral cavity
from nasal cavity

Back 8

hard palate

Front 9

forms floor of mouth

Back 9

tongue

Front 10

lymphoid tissue at
base of tongue

Back 10

lingual tonsil

Front 11

space between teeth and lips

Back 11

vestibule

Front 12

chewing

Back 12

mastication

Front 13

lymphoid tissue on either
side of oropharynx

Back 13

palatine tonsils

Front 14

projections on surface of tongue

Back 14

papilla

Front 15

sense receptors on tongue

Back 15

taste buds

Front 16

swallowing

Back 16

deglutition

Front 17

mass of food that leaves mouth

Back 17

bolus

Front 18

functions of the tongue

Back 18

food manipulation
swallowing
speech

Front 19

function of teeth

Back 19

mastication of food
(cutting, tearing, crushing, grinding)

Front 20

function of saliva

Back 20

moistens mucous membranes

moistens food to form bolus

dissolves some food molecules

contains ptyalin to initiate carb digestion

Front 21

portion of teeth
above gumline

Back 21

crown

Front 22

fibrous membrane
lining dental sockets

Back 22

periodontal membrane

Front 23

portion of teeth
below gumline

Back 23

root

Front 24

calcified substance
forming teeth

Back 24

dentin

Front 25

hard material covering
crowns of teeth

Back 25

enamel

Front 26

portion of teeth
at gumline

Back 26

neck

Front 27

location of teeth

Back 27

along alveolar processes of mandible and maxillary bones

Front 28

substance covering roots of teeth

Back 28

cementum

Front 29

gums

Back 29

gingivae

Front 30

pulp cavity

Back 30

where blood vessels and nerves of teeth are located

Front 31

root canals

Back 31

extensions of the pulp cavity region, in the roots)

Front 32

human teeth

Back 32

incisors
canines (cuspids)
premolars (bicuspids)
molars

Front 33

incisors

Back 33

cutting

Front 34

canines
cuspids

Back 34

tearing

Front 35

premolars
bicuspids

Back 35

crushing + grinding

Front 36

molars

Back 36

crushing + grinding

Front 37

number of sets of teeth
a person usually develops

Back 37

two:

deciduous (milk) teeth
permanent teeth

Front 38

dental formula

Back 38

deciduous teeth = 2102
permanent teeth = 2123

Front 39

cause of dental caries

Back 39

bacteria in mouth produce enzymes and acids that break down enamel of teeth

Front 40

location of saliva production

Back 40

buccal glands

parotid glands

submandibular/submaxillary glands

sublingual glands

Front 41

digestive enzyme
found in saliva

Back 41

ptyalin
(salivary amylase)

Front 42

regions of pharynx
food passes through
usually

Back 42

oropharynx +
laryngopharynx

Front 43

function of
esophagus

Back 43

peristaltic motion
(waves of contractions of smooth muscle)

Front 44

how food moves
through esophagus

Back 44

peristaltic motion
(waves of contractions of smooth muscle)

Front 45

located between stomach
and esophagus

Back 45

gastroesophageal (cardiac)
sphincter

Front 46

located between stomach
and small intestine

Back 46

pyloric sphincter

Front 47

main portion of
stomach

Back 47

body

Front 48

portion of stomach that
bulges above entrance
of esophagus

Back 48

fundus

Front 49

portion of stomach that
joins duodenum

Back 49

pyloric region

Front 50

folds in lining of
empty stomach

Back 50

rugae

Front 51

membrane lining
abdominal cavity

Back 51

peritoneum

Front 52

glands of stomach

Back 52

gastric glands

Front 53

double-layered apron that
covers anterior surface of
abdominal viscera

Back 53

greater omentum

Front 54

membrane that attaches
stomach to liver

Back 54

lesser omentum

Front 55

food mixed with
gastric juices that
leaves stomach

Back 55

chyme

Front 56

functions of stomach

Back 56

holds and mixes food

churns food: mixes it w/gastric juice to form chyme

protein digestion

stomach acid kills most bacteria that enter GI tract with food

produces intrinsic factor

converts iron into a usable form

Front 57

pepsin

Back 57

major enzyme found in gastric juice

Front 58

functions of hydrochloric acid
of the stomach

Back 58

aids in protein digestion

kills bacteria

converts iron to usable form

Front 59

functions of small intestine

Back 59

most of digestion

all of absorption

Front 60

three regions of
small intestine

Back 60

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Front 61

plicae circulares

Back 61

shelf-like folds extending into lumen of small intestine

Front 62

ileocecal valve

Back 62

located between small intestine and large intestine

Front 63

duodenum

Back 63

region of small intestine where common bile duct opens

region of small intestine where pancreatic duct opens

Front 64

villi

Back 64

finger-like projections of mucosa of small intestine

Front 65

mesentary

Back 65

membrane that suspends small intestine from body wall

Front 66

lacteal

Back 66

lymphatic capillary within villi

Front 67

microvilli

Back 67

very small projections on surfaces of mucosal cells of small intestine

Front 68

digestive enzymes found in
intestinal juice

Back 68

maltase
sucrase
lactase
peptidase

Front 69

functions of
large intestine

Back 69

absorption of sodium, chloride, water

formation of feces

production of some vitamins

Front 70

regions of large intestine

Back 70

cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal
anus

Front 71

cecum

Back 71

blind pouch at beginning of large intestine

region of large intestine to which appendix is attached

Front 72

found at terminal end of large intestine

Back 72

anus

Front 73

enlarged veins of the anal canal

Back 73

hemorrhoids

Front 74

T or F:

The esophagus is located anterior to the trachea.

Back 74

False. The esophagus is located posterior to the trachea.

Front 75

T or F:

The large intestine does not produce digestive enzymes.

Back 75

True.

Front 76

T or F:

The surface area of the small intestine is greatly increased by structural modifications.

Back 76

True.

Front 77

substance produced by the pancreatic acini

Back 77

pancreatic juice

Front 78

substance produced by the pancreatic acini

Back 78

pancreatic juice

Front 79

produced by the
islets of Langerhans

Back 79

hormones

Front 80

exocrine portion of the pancreas

Back 80

pancreatic acini

Front 81

endocrine portion of the pancreas

Back 81

islets of Langerhans

Front 82

major digestive enzymes
found in pancreatic juice

Back 82

pancreatic amylase
trypsins
lipase

Front 83

vessels by which blood reaches liver

Back 83

hepatic portal vein +
hepatic artery

Front 84

functions of the
liver

Back 84

metabolism of nutrients

production of plasma proteins

excretion of bilirubin

production of bile

storage of glycoen, iron, + some vitamins

detoxification of drugs + toxins

phagocytosis of microorganisms + other foreign bodies

synthesis of urea + ketone bodies

production of clotting factors

Front 85

function of the gallbladder

Back 85

storage + concentration of bile

Front 86

hepatic duct

Back 86

carries bile from liver to gallbladder

Front 87

cystic duct

Back 87

carries bile to and from gallbladder

Front 88

common bile duct

Back 88

formed by union of cystic duct and hepatic duct

Front 89

hepatic artery

Back 89

carries O2 - rich blood to liver

Front 90

hepatic portal vein

Back 90

carries nutrient - rich blood from digestive tract to liver

Front 91

heartburn

Back 91

irritation of esophagus by acid contents of stomach entering esophagus

Front 92

vomiting

Back 92

emptying of stomach in wrong direction

Front 93

diarrhea

Back 93

increased intestinal motility

frequent defecation, watery stools

Front 94

constipation

Back 94

decreased intestinal motility

dry, hard feces make defecation difficult and sometimes painful

Front 95

catabolism

Back 95

destructive process by which complex substances are converted into more simple compounds

Front 96

monosaccharides

Back 96

result from the digestion of carbohydrates

Front 97

amino acids

Back 97

result from the digestion of proteins

Front 98

fatty acids
glycerol

Back 98

result from the digestion of lipids

Front 99

composition of saliva

Back 99

water (97% - 99.5%)

electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, bicarbonate ions)

mucins

ptyalin

Front 100

factors that increase the
secretion of saliva

Back 100

presence of food in mouth
odor
sight
thought of food
chewing

Front 101

factors that decrease the secretion of saliva

Back 101

intense mental effort
dehydration
fear
anxiety

Front 102

substances secreted by the gastric glands

Back 102

mucus
HCl acid
pepsinogens
intrinsic factor

Front 103

pepsinogens

Back 103

precursors of pepsins

Front 104

intrinsic factor

Back 104

hormone gastrin produced by certain epithelial cells of stomach mucosa

Front 105

function of intrinsic factor

Back 105

absorption of vitamin B12

Front 106

mechanisms involved in control
of gastric secretions

Back 106

neural mechanisms: local reflexes + vagus nerve

hormonal mechanisms: gastrin

Front 107

initiates cephalic phase
of gastric secretions

Back 107

sight, smell, or taste of food

(not elicited if individual is afraid, depressed or has no desire for food)

Front 108

initiates gastric phase
of gastric secretions

Back 108

distention of stomach by presence of food, or presence of secretagogues

Front 109

reasons why stomach does not digest itself

Back 109

tight junctions between epithelial cells

rapid renewal of stomach lining (every 3 days)

alkaline mucous secretions

Front 110

location of most of
digestive activity

Back 110

small intestine

Front 111

location of
all of absorption

Back 111

small intestine

Front 112

digestive fluids in the
small intestine

Back 112

pancreatic juice
bile
intestinal juice

Front 113

composition of bile

Back 113

water

electrolytes (sodium bicarbonate)

bile salts

bile pigments

cholesterol

neutral fats

lecithin

Front 114

composition of intestinal juice

Back 114

digestive enzymes:

peptidases
sucrase
lactase
maltase

Front 115

enzymes that aid in
digestion of carbohydrates

Back 115

ptyalin (salivary amylase)
pancreatic amylase
sucrase
lactase

Front 116

enzymes that aid in
digestion of proteins

Back 116

pepsin
trypsins
peptidases

Front 117

enzyme that aids in
digestion of lipids

Back 117

lipase

Front 118

emulsification

Back 118

dispersed as very small droplets

Front 119

source of gastrin

Back 119

gastric mucosa

Front 120

function of gastrin

Back 120

stimulates secretion of gastric juice

Front 121

source of secretin

Back 121

intestinal mucosa

Front 122

function of secretin

Back 122

stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice high in bicarbonate

stimulates secretion of bile

Front 123

source of cholecystokinin

Back 123

intestinal mucosa

Front 124

function of cholecystokinin

Back 124

stimulates contraction of gallbladder which ejects bile

stimulates release of enzymes from pancreas

Front 125

produced by microorganisms that inhabit the large intestine

Back 125

vitamins (e.g. vitamin K)

Front 126

normal composition of feces

Back 126

water, mucus, undigested food residue, microorganisms, sloughed-off epithelial cells

Front 127

substances absorbed from
large intestine

Back 127

sodium chloride

water

vitamins produced by intestinal microorganisms

Front 128

ulcer

Back 128

erosion of mucous membrane of digestive tract

most commonly found in
stomach + duodenum

Front 129

causes of ulcers

Back 129

excessive secretion of gastric juice

insufficient secretion of mucus

Front 130

gastroenteritis

Back 130

acute or chronic inflammation of mucosa of stomach + intestine

can by caused by irritants such as alcohol + aspirin

Front 131

appendicitis

Back 131

inflammation of appendix

bacteria flourish, and appendix becomes filled with pus

Front 132

hepatitis

Back 132

infection of the liver

liver becomes enlarged + functioning is impaired

jaundice

most commonly caused by a virus

Front 133

cirrhosis

Back 133

chronic inflammation of the liver which is progressive and diffuse

liver cells are replaced by fibrous connective tissue, thereby interfering with liver function

Front 134

gallstones

Back 134

particles of cholesterol or calcium carbonate that form in bile

may block cystic duct or common bile duct

Front 135

mechanical digestion

Back 135

any movement that changes or modifies the shape and size of our food

Front 136

chemical digestion

Back 136

a series of catabolic reactions that change the molecular structure

Front 137

3 types of food
we break down

Back 137

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins

Front 138

monosaccarides

Back 138

what carbs break down into

smaller sugar compounds

Front 139

glycerol and fatty acids

Back 139

what lipids break down into

Front 140

amino acids

Back 140

what proteins break down into

Front 141

vestibule

Back 141

space in mouth between
teeth and lips or cheeks and gums

Front 142

frenulum

Back 142

mucous membrane folds that connect the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Front 143

extrinsic tongue muscles

Back 143

allow tongue to move side to side

allows protrusion of tongue out of mouth

Front 144

intrinsic tongue muscles

Back 144

allow you to modify shape of tongue

i.e. rolling tongue, etc.

Front 145

4 types of salivary glands

Back 145

buccal gland

parotid gland

submandibular gland

sublingual gland

Front 146

buccal gland

Back 146

numerous, small salivary glands located throughout the mucous membranes in the oral cavity

secrete continuously (keep mucous membrane moist)

Front 147

parotid gland

Back 147

located superior to mandible, slightly inferior/definitely anterior to each ear

secretes saliva into upper vestibule of mouth

Front 148

submandibular gland

Back 148

located medial of the mandible

secretes into base of the frenulum

Front 149

sublingual gland

Back 149

located on floor of mouth

has several ducts releasing directly up through mucous membrane

Front 150

functions of saliva

Back 150

cleans teeth

keeps membranes moist

helps with mechanical digestion

releases salivary amylase (enzyme)

breaks down starch

Front 151

saliva amount

Back 151

1500 mL / day

Front 152

pathway of food

Back 152

mouth

pharynx (oro- and laryngo-)

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

rectum

anal canal

anus

Front 153

epiglottis

Back 153

closes trachea when we swallow

Front 154

esophagus

Back 154

skeletal muscle and
smooth muscle

leads to stomach

Front 155

peristalsis

Back 155

wave-like movement of the smooth muscle that moves food along digestive tract

Front 156

sphincter

Back 156

ring-like muscles

type of valve

Front 157

cardiac sphincter

Back 157

regulates movement of food
from esophagus
into stomach

Front 158

3 regions of stomach

Back 158

fundus
body
pyloric region

Front 159

rugae

Back 159

folds formed from mucosa and submucosa layers

Front 160

small intestine regions

Back 160

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

Front 161

2 ducts that empty
into duodenum

Back 161

common bile duct

pancreatic duct

Front 162

common bile duct

Back 162

conducts bile
from gallbladder

Front 163

pancreatic duct

Back 163

conducts pancreatic juice
from pancreas

Front 164

mesentary

Back 164

holds jejunum in place

transparent tissue curled up like a garden hose

Front 165

ileocecal sphincter

Back 165

regulates stuff going
from end of small intestion
into large intestine

Front 166

pyloric sphincter

Back 166

regulates passage of food
from stomach
to duodenum

Front 167

regions of large intestine

Back 167

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

Front 168

rectum

Back 168

same structure as colon,
but in pelvic cavity

Front 169

internal anal sphincter

Back 169

smooth muscle

involuntary

Front 170

external anal sphincter

Back 170

skeletal muscle

voluntary

Front 171

layers of the
digestive tract

Back 171

tunica mucosa

tunica submucosa

tunica muscularis

tunica serosa (adventitia)

Front 172

tunica mucosa

Back 172

innermost layer

epithelium, connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph nodes, glands

around this, there is a layer of smooth muscle

Front 173

tunica submucosa

Back 173

connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glands

Front 174

tunica muscularis

Back 174

double-layered thru most of GI tract

smooth muscle

1st layer = circular
2nd layer = longitudinal

Front 175

tunica serosa (adventitia)

Back 175

outermost layer that merges with the visceral peritoneum

connective tissue