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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The mouth to the anus makes up what structure of the body?
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The Alimentary Canal or GI Tract (gastrointestinal)
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The center of it is called the Lumen
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What are the 4 functions of the Alimentary Canal?
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Ingestion
Digestion Absorption Defacation |
It's eating and processing
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What is ingestion?
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Taking in of food
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It's eating
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What is digestion?
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The breaking up of food
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It's processing
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What is absorption?
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The passage of small molecules into cells, blood and lymph.
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Getting the nutrients
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What are the 3 processes of the Alimentary Canal?
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Motility
Secretion Membrane Transport |
what it does
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What is motility?
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Muscular contractions that break up food and propel it through the canal.
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movement
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What is secretion?
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The production and release of materials used outside of cells.
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extracellular
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What is membrane transport?
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Mechanisms for moving materials across cells.
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What are the three sections of the alimentary canal MUCOSA?
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Epithelium
Lamina Propria Muscularis Mucosae |
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Describe the Epithelium of the GI Tract Mucosa.
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The layer that is next to the food.
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Describe the Lamina Propria of the GI tract mucosa.
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The middle layer of the mucosa. It is made up of areolar connective tissue.
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Describe the muscularis mucosae of the GI tract mucosa.
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A thin layer of smooth muscle.
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What is the submucosa of the GI tract?
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A layer of areolar connective tissue and nerves that lies beneath the mucosa.
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Describe the muscuarlis externa of the GI tract.
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Deep to the submucosa, this is a layer of muscles to move food.
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What type of muscles are in the muscularis externa of the GI tract?
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Skeletal in the mouth, pharynx and upper esophagus for voluntary swallowing. Smooth and involuntary everywhere else.
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How many and what kind of layers of muscularis externa are there?
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Two layers in all areas except the stomach. The outer layer is longintudinal, the inner layer is circular. In the stomach, the inner most layer is oblique.
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What is the serosal membrane that lines the outside of the GI tract parts that suspend in the abdominopelvic cavity?
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Peritoneum
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What is Visceral Peritoneum?
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Peritoneum that lines the external surfaces of most of the digestive organs.
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What is the parietal peritoneum?
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The peritoneum that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.
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What is the peritoneal cavity?
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The space between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum.
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What is the mesentery?
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Folds associated with the small intestine.
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What is the fold over the intestines?
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The Greater Omentum
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Like an apron
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What is the lesser omentum?
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The fold between the stomach, duodenum and liver.
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it's between structures
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What are the 6 main structures of the mouth?
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Tongue
Lips Cheeks teeth hard and soft palate |
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What is the space called that is between the cheek/lips and teeth/gums?
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Vestibule
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it's fancy
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What is the space called that extends from the vestibule to the fauces?
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The Oral Cavity
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What are the fauces?
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The arcs on either side of the uvula that lead to the pharynx.
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What are the two main digestive functions of the mouth?
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1. Breaks up food.
2. Starts chemical digestion. |
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The throat region of the GI tract is called what?
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Pharynx
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What GI tract structure transports food to stomach?
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Esophagus
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What is the hole or space inside the alimentary canal called?
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Lumen
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What are the four anatomical regions of the stomach?
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Cardia (toward the heart)
Fundus (the top) Body (the main section) Pylorus (the part heading into the duodenum) |
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What are the 4 important products produced by the stomach?
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Mucus
Hydrochloric Acid Pepsin Intrinsic Factor |
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What is the purpose of the mucus in the stomach?
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Protects the structure against the action of acid and enzymes which are used to digest food.
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What is the purpose of Hydrochloric Acid in the stomach?
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Helps to liquify food and kill bacteria
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What is the purpose of Pepsin?
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Starts digestion of protein.
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What is the purpose of Intrinsic Factor in the stomach?
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needed for the absorption of vitamin B12.
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What are the three main functions of the stomach?
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1. Stores food and water
2. Aids in mechanical and chemical digestion of food. Starts chemical digestion of proteins and reduces particle size 3. Absorbs water among other things. |
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What is the approximate length of the small intestine?
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6 feet in a living person.
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What is the advantage to having folds or plicae, villi and microvilli in the small intestine?
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Increases surface area for absorption of nutrients.
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What are the three sections of the small intestine - in proximal to distal order?
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Duodenum
Jejunum Ileum |
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What is the name of the blind sac at the start of the large intestine?
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Cecum
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What is the fingure-like projection dangling from the cecum?
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Veriform Appendix
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What are the four main sections of the colon?
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1. Ascending
2. Transverse 3. Descending 4. Sigmoid |
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What are the last two sections of the alimentary canal after the four main sections of the colon?
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Rectum
Anus |
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Where do hemorroidal veins reside?
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In the rectum.
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Which part of the colon is "S" shaped?
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Sigmoid.
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What is the term for a muscle section that controls movement from one region to another?
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Sphincter
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What are the two sphincters called in the GI tract region proximal to the stomach?
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1. Upper esophageal sphincter
(throat to esophagus) 2. Lower esophageal sphincter (esophagus to stomach) |
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Where is the Pyloric Sphincter located and what does it do?
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Pylorus region of the stomach to the duodenum. Lets food into small intestine at an appropriate rate.
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What is the sphincter of Oddi?
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Controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.
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What is another name for the Sphincter of Oddi?
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Hepatopancreatic Sphincter.
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What is the location and function of the Illeocecal Valve?
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It is the sphincter from the small intestine to the large intestine. It keeps bacteria from the large intestine from getting into the small intestine.
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What is the digestive function of the liver?
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Produce bile which aids in fat digestion.
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What is the digestive function of the gall bladder?
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Stores bile (from the liver) until it is needed for fat digestion.
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What is the digestive function of the pancreas and what are its three regions?
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Produces digestive enzymes in groups of cells called acini.
Has head, body and tail. |
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What is the digestive function of the tongue and what is it made of?
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Has papilla with taste buds sensitive to sweet, salty, sour bitter and umami. Used in chewing and moving food around. Made of skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane.
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What non-digestive function does the tongue serve?
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Assists in speaking -- language
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What is the hardest substance in the human body?
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Enamel
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What is the soft section of the tooth just below the surface of the enamel?
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Dentin
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Inside the tooth (beneath the dentin layer) with the nerves and blood vessels is called what?
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The pulp
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What are the three parts of a tooth and in what region do they normally reside?
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Crown (all parts above the gum)
Neck (in the gum region) Roots (hold tooth in the jaw) |
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What is another name for baby teeth?
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Deciduous teeth
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What are two other names for the baby or deciduous teeth?
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Milk teeth
Primary teeth |
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How many deciduous teeth are normally present in a child? (when all have come in)
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20
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Name the subdivisions the 20 deciduous teeth.
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8 incisors (in front)
4 canine (cuspid) 8 molars (called pre-molars in adults) |
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How many permanent or secondary teeth are there?
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32 total
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Name the subdivisions of the permanent teeth.
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8 incisors
4 canines 8 premolars (bicuspid) 12 molars including wisdom teeth |
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The salivary glands produce approximately how much saliva per day?
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1.5 quarts
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What are the 4 main functions of saliva?
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1. Keeps mouth moist
2. Lubricates food 3. Helps kill bacteria 4. begins starch digestion with the enzyme salivary amylase. |
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The three pairs of major salivary glands are located where and how does the saliva get to the mouth?
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They are located outside of the mouth and saliva is transported by ducts into the mouth.
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What are the three pairs of major salivary glands?
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Parotid
Submandibular Sublingual |
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Which glands are located in front of the ears?
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Parotid
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Where are the submandibular glands and where do they open?
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Beneath the base of the tongue with ducts opening to the side of the lingual frenulum.
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What is the function of the lingual freneulum?
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Restrict extreme movements of the tongue.
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Where are the sublingual glands and where are their duct openings.
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Superior to the submandibular glands with numerous small ducts opening into the floor of the mouth.
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What are the 6 associated structures of the digestive system?
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1. Liver
2. Gall bladder 3. Pancreas 4. Tongue 5. Teeth 6. Salivary Glands |
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Enzymes increase the * without being *
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Rate of reaction
Used up |
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What is Hydrolysis?
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Insertion of water and breaking of chemical bonds.
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What is a substrate?
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Material acted on by an enzyme
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Salivary Amylase is produced by * and acts on *
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Salivary Glands
Carbohydrates |
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Pancreatic Amylase is produced by * and acts on *
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Pancreas
Carbohydrates |
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Pepsin is produced by * and acts on *
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Stomach
Proteins |
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Lipase is produced by * and acts on *
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Pancreas (and others)
Fat |
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Trypsin is produced by * and acts on *
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Pancreas
Proteins |
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RNAase and DNAase are produced by * and acts on *
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Pancreas
Nucleic Acids |
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Carbohydrates (starches and sugars) are broken down and absorbed as *
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Simple sugars
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Proteins are absorbed as what three different forms?
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1. Amino Acids
2. Dipeptides 3. Tripeptides |
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What are the most common type of fats in the diet?
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Triglycerides
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Triglycerides are broken down, absorbed into the cells of * and reassembled into Triglycerides and form * that have proteins around them.
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Villus
Chylomicrons |
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Water is absorbed by *
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Osmosis
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Regulation of Digestion involves what two systems?
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Nervous System
Hormones from the Endocrine System |
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What are the three stages of gastric function regulation?
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1. Cephalic
2. Gastric 3. Intestinal |
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What is the Cephalic Stage of Gastric Function Regulation?
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Sight, smell, taste or thought of food which stiumulates gastric secretion.
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What happens in the Gastric Phase of gastric function regulation?
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Food in the stomach stimulates gastric secretions - up to 2/3 of it.
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What is the intestinal phase of the gastric function regulation?
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Chyme in the duodenum stimulates digestion and slows the release of chyme into the intestine -- prevents overloading.
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Gastrin is produced in * and released by * and stimulates *
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Stomach
Distention and Peptides Gastric juice secretion |
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CCK is produced * and released by *.
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Duodenum
Fat in the duodenum |
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CCK causes what three actions to happen?
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1. Contracts gallbladder
2. Stimulates release of digestive enzymes. 3. Relaxes the Sphincter of Oddi |
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Secretin is produced * and released by * and causes secretion of *
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Duodenum
Acid in duodenum Bicarbonate secretion from pacreatic ducts, Brunner's glands and the liver |
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What are the three types of Motility?
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1. Peristalsis
2. Segmentation 3. Mass Movements |
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Describe peristalsis.
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A wave of contraction that propels the contents along the GI tract.
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Describe SEGMENTATION (in terms of motility)
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Contractions that mix the intestinal contents without moving them along the tract.
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Describe Mass Movements--in terms of motility.
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Move material for longer distances in the colon.
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