Digestive System

Front 1

Mouth, stomat/o

Back 1

-in charge of crushing the food and submitting it to the action of saliva, preparing the resulting bolus for its passage through the digestive tube

-mixes food with saliva, is responsible for taste, chewing

Front 2

Pharynx, pharyng/o

Back 2

-Takes part in swallowing.
-Muscular tube, a common passageway for air traveling from the nose and food traveling form the oral cavity to esophagus
-when bolus touches the back of the throat, a muscular wave pushed it into the esophagus; epiglottis covers the entrance to the larynx to stop food inter the lungs

Front 3

esophagus, esphag/o

Back 3

- carries the bolus form the throat to the stomach
- a tube about 10 inches (25 cm) long with muscular walls whose function is to transport food from the throat to the stomach
- the wall of the esophagus contains both circular (inner) and longitudinal (outer) smooth muscles fibers
- circular muscle behind the bolus contracts, while that in the front of the bolus relaxes, so food is pushed downward
- the waves of contraction and relaxation passes down the esophagus
- peristalsis (peri- around, -stalsis means contradiction) is the rhythmic contraction of the muscles in the wall. the movement of different sections compact and crush the food, mix it well, and move the food further

Front 4

liver, hepat/o

Back 4

produces bile, needed for digesting fats and has different roles in metabolism, such as rendering toxic products inactive

Front 5

gallbladder, cholecyst/o

Back 5

stores the bile produced in the liver and after meal; pours it in the duodenum

Front 6

duodenum

Back 6

the first section of the small intestine, where food is digested by action of the intestinal enzymes, pancreatic juice, and bile to obtain the basic nutrients

Front 7

large intestine, col/o

Back 7

digestion and assimilation of nutrients ends in the colon, where the water form the bolus gets absorbed and the residues are turned into fecal matter

Front 8

small intestine, enter/o

Back 8

in its passage through the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed into the blood to get distributed to the whole body

Front 9

rectum

Back 9

the last portion of the large intestine stores the residues of the digestive process to be pushed out through defecation. ends at the anus

Front 10

stomach, gastr/o

Back 10

- stores the bolus and puts if under the powerful corrosive action of gastric juices and then sends it, once it becomes a semiliquid substance, into the small intestine

Front 11

pancreas, pancre/o

Back 11

produces the pancreatic juice made of digestive enzymes essential for digesting food

Front 12

parts of small intestines

Back 12

1 duodenum (duoden/o)
2 jejunum (jejun/o)
3 ileum (ile/o)

Front 13

parts of large intestines

Back 13

1 cecum (cec/o)
2 ascending colon
3 transverse colon
4 descending colon
5 sigmoid colon (sigmoid/o)
6 rectum (rect/o)
7 anus

Front 14

four main function of digestive system or gastrointestinal system

Back 14

1 ingestion
2 digestion
3 absorption
4 elimination

Front 15

digestive enzymes

Back 15

-a complex produced by the cells that catalyzes chemical reaction
- aid breakdown of complex nutrients
- proteins- amino acids
- sugars- glucose
- fats- fatty acids or triglycerides

Front 16

proteins

Back 16

-consist of long chains of amino acids of which there are 20 types
- initially, are cute into shorter lengths called PEPTIDES
- a process begins in the stomach then in the small intestine, peptidases snip individual amino acids off the end of the peptide chains
- the amino acids are then absorbed

Front 17

Two group of carbohydrates

Back 17

1 polysaccharides ( complex carbohydrates such as starch) and sugars
- complex carbohydrates are made up of long chains of glucose molecules. initially starch is broken down into a disaccharide (tow0sugar unit called maltose, which is then broken down into individual gulcose (monosaccharide) molecules
2 disaccharides, such as sucrose (cane sugar) and lactose (mile sugar) taken with food, are broken down into their constituent simple sugars, glucose and galactose, thse simple sugars are then absorbed

Front 18

fats and oils

Back 18

-are also called lipids
- consist of molecules called TRIGLYCERIDES
- lipases break down each triglyceride into two fatty acids and monoglyceries (glycerol attached to the fatty acid) these are then absorbed

Front 19

mechanical digestion

Back 19

(1st) two forms of digestion
- includes the cutting and grinding action of teeth, and the churning action of the stomach's muscular walls.

Front 20

chyme

Back 20

mechanical digestion, physically break food up into a smaller pieces, so that when food arrives in the small intestine- the main site of chemical digestion- it is in the form of a souplike liquid

Front 21

chemical digestion

Back 21

(2nd) two forms of digestion
- involves the action of enzymes that speed up reaction both inside and outside the cells. Most enzymic activity takes place in the small intestine, although it also occurs in the mouth and the stomach.

Front 22

absorption

Back 22

- digested food passes into bloodstream through lining cells of small intestines
- nutrients travel to all cell of the body
- cells burns nutrients to release energy stored in food (catabolism)

Front 23

Elimination (-chezia)

Back 23

- body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream
- the large intestine concentrates feces
- the wastes pass out of the body through the anus

Front 24

salivary function

Back 24

- smell and presence of food in the mouth causes the reflex release into the mouth cavity of saliva from the salivary glands
- moistens food to ease chewing
- contains amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch to the disaccharide sugar maltose
- contains lysozomes, an antibacterial substance
- it is important in speech, because keeping the lips and mouth moistened help the articulation of words

Front 25

mastication

Back 25

- chewing is a reflex action in which powerful chewing muscles move the jaw up and down, teeth cut and crush food saliva moistens the food fragments and the tongue
- with the help of lips and cheeks, it turns a solid product into semiliquid mixture, the bolus
- this cycle repeats without our thinking about food has been swallowed entirely

Front 26

bolus

Back 26

a solid product into semiliquid mixture

Front 27

deglutition

Back 27

1 the act of swallowing is a complex mechanism by w/c the bolus goes form the mouth, through the pharynx and the esophagus, to the stomach

2 when the bolus goes through the pharynx, it is necessary that the soft palate to up to prevent it form going into the nostrils

3 the epiglottis inclines to prevent the bolus from going into the breathing passages

4 next, the upper esophageal sphincter, a muscular valve that keeps the entrance to the esophagus closed, has to open so that air does not go into digestive tube

5 then the lower esophageal sphincter, which under normal conditions keeps the opening to the stomach closed to prevent the passing of gastric juices toward the stomach, must open

Front 28

cardia

Back 28

(1st) four regions of the stomach
- is the region surrounds the opening of the esophagus

Front 29

fundus

Back 29

2nd to the four regions of the stomach
- is the upper section
(body is the middle regions

Front 30

four main functions of digestive system

Back 30

1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. absorption
4. elimination

Front 31

ingestion

Back 31

food material taken into the body through the mouth

Front 32

amylase

Back 32

an enzyme that breaks down starch to the disaccharide sugar maltose

Front 33

lysozyme

Back 33

an antibacterial substance

Front 34

epiglottis

Back 34

a piece of cartilage that covers the larynx

Front 35

antrum

Back 35

pyloric antrum is the final section

Front 36

sphincters

Back 36

-rings of the muscles
- controls the openings into and leading out of the stomach: lower esophageal sphincter and pyloric sphincter

Front 37

mucous membrane layer

Back 37

inner wall of the stomach that has tiny glands in charge of secreting substances that make up the gastric juice: pepsin an enzyme

Front 38

pepsin

Back 38

an enzyme whose job consists of digesting proteins

Front 39

hydrochloric acid (HCI)

Back 39

which is needed to activate pepsin and to soften the food and is capable to destroying germs

Front 40

villi

Back 40

mucous layer covering the insded of the small intestines has some very special characterictics whose purpose is to increase the contract surface with food and this faciliate the absorption of nutrients. resembling a gloved finger, have inside, small blood and lymph capillaries. have an edge similar to the brush

Front 41

microvilli

Back 41

numerous hair-like formations which further increase the absorption surface for nutrients

Front 42

cecum

Back 42

is located in the lower right- hand part of the abdomen

Front 43

colon

Back 43

the longest section, is arranged around the interior of the abdominal cavity and divided into four sections: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

Front 44

liver

Back 44

helps maintain normal blood glucose levels. fat metabolism, protein metabolism, mineral storage, vitamin storage, manufactures blood proteins necessesary for clotting, removes toxins and poisions from the blood: converts alcohol into harmful substances. heat generation

Front 45

bile ducts

Back 45

is a yellow-greenish fluid of bitter taste. it is made of water that contains many dissolved organic and nonorganic substances.

Front 46

gallbladder

Back 46

pear-shaped sac under the liver

Front 47

cholecyst/o

Back 47

means gallbladder

Front 48

choledoch/o

Back 48

bile duct

Front 49

-ase

Back 49

enzyme eg. lipase means fat enzyme

Front 50

-chezia

Back 50

defecation or elimination eg. hematochezia

Front 51

-iasis

Back 51

abnormal contion eg. choledocholithiasis

Front 52

-prandial

Back 52

meal eg. postprandial meaning after meal

Front 53

aphthous stomatitis

Back 53

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

Front 54

dental caries

Back 54

tooth decay

Front 55

herpetic stomatitis

Back 55

inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus

Front 56

oral leukoplakia

Back 56

white plaques or patches

Front 57

periodontal disease

Back 57

inflammation and degenaration of the gums, teeth and sourrounding bone

Front 58

esophageal varices

Back 58

swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus

Front 59

gastric carcinoma

Back 59

malignant tumor of the stomach

Front 60

anal fistula

Back 60

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

Front 61

colonic polyposis

Back 61

polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

Front 62

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Back 62

(GERD)- solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

Front 63

peptic ulcer

Back 63

open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

Front 64

intussusception

Back 64

telescoping of the intestines; occurs when one portion of the bowel slides into the next one (benign tumor, surgical scars, long-term diarrhea)

Front 65

volvulus

Back 65

twisting of the intestines on itself; obstruction with a loop of bowel that has abnormally twisted on itself (constipation)

Front 66

Ileus

Back 66

failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruciton of the intestines; paralysis of the intestine; common side effect of some types of surgery

Front 67

acholasia

Back 67

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter to relax
- cholasia means relax
- a means no/ not

Front 68

hydrochloric acid (HCI)

Back 68

which is needed to activate pepsin and to soften the food and is capable to destroying germs

Front 69

cec/o

Back 69

the combining form of the first part of the large intestine

Front 70

celiac

Back 70

pertaining to the abdomen

Front 71

pulp

Back 71

part of the tooth that contains a rich supply of nerves and blood vessels

Front 72

gingiv/o

Back 72

gums

Front 73

buccal

Back 73

pertaining to the cheek

Front 74

hyperbilirubinemia

Back 74

high blood levels of a pigment released by the liver with bile

Front 75

common bile duct

Back 75

carries bile into the duodenum

Front 76

crohn disease

Back 76

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

Front 77

periodontist

Back 77

specialist in gums

Front 78

labi/o

Back 78

means lips

Front 79

cheil/o

Back 79

means lips

Front 80

sialadenolithiasis

Back 80

stone in a salivary gland

Front 81

mesentery

Back 81

membrane that connects parts of small intestines

Front 82

colostomy

Back 82

new opening from the large bowel to the surface of the body

Front 83

steatorrhea

Back 83

fats are improperly digested and appear in the feces

Front 84

anorexia

Back 84

lack of appetite

Front 85

icterus

Back 85

another term for jaundice

Front 86

diverticula

Back 86

abnormal side pockets in a hollow organ, such as the intestines

Front 87

dysphagia

Back 87

difficulty in swallowing

Front 88

bilirubin

Back 88

pigment released by the liver in bile

Front 89

amino acids

Back 89

substances produced when proteins are digested

Front 90

dentin

Back 90

major tissue composing teeth

Front 91

defecation

Back 91

removal of waste material from the body

Front 92

absorption

Back 92

passage of materials through villi into the blood

Front 93

enamel

Back 93

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

Front 94

emulsification

Back 94

process of breaking up large fat globules

Front 95

bile

Back 95

digestive juice made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Front 96

fatty acids

Back 96

substances produced when fats are digested

Front 97

lipase

Back 97

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

Front 98

glycogen

Back 98

starch; stored sugar

Front 99

feces

Back 99

solid wastes; stools

Front 100

palate

Back 100

roof of the mouth

Front 101

portal vein

Back 101

blood vessel bringing blood to the liver

Front 102

insulin

Back 102

hormone produced by the pancreas

Front 103

incisor

Back 103

one of four front teeth

Front 104

protease

Back 104

enzyme that digests proteins

Front 105

lower esophageal sphincter

Back 105

LES. ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach

Front 106

parotid gland

Back 106

secretes enzymes into the mouth

Front 107

uvula

Back 107

soft tissue hanging from the soft palate

Front 108

pyloric sphincter

Back 108

ring of muscles at the distal region of the stomach

Front 109

papillae

Back 109

small elevations on the tongue

Front 110

mastication

Back 110

chewing

Front 111

rugae

Back 111

ridges on the hard palate and wall of the stomach

Front 112

triglycerides

Back 112

large fat molecules

Front 113

cheilosis

Back 113

abnormal condition of the lip

Front 114

perianal

Back 114

paetaining to surrounding the anus

Front 115

cholecystectomy

Back 115

removal of the gallbladder

Front 116

dentibuccal

Back 116

pertaining to the teeth and cheek

Front 117

colonscopy

Back 117

visual examination of the colon

Front 118

choledochotomy

Back 118

incision of the common bile duct

Front 119

buccal mucosa

Back 119

mucous membrane lining of the cheek

Front 120

cecal

Back 120

pertaining to the first part of the large intestine

Front 121

appendicitis

Back 121

inflammation of the appendix

Front 122

facial

Back 122

pertaining to the face

Front 123

gingivitis

Back 123

inflammation of gums

Front 124

colonic

Back 124

pertaining to the large intestine

Front 125

hepatoma

Back 125

tumor of the liver

Front 126

enterocolitis

Back 126

inflammation of the small and large intestines

Front 127

appendectomy

Back 127

removal of the appendix

Front 128

gastrostomy

Back 128

new opening of the stomach to the outside of the body

Front 129

esophageal

Back 129

pertaining to the tube leading from the throat to the stomach

Front 130

duodenal

Back 130

pertaining to the first part of the small intestines

Front 131

sbulingual

Back 131

pertaining to under the tongue

Front 132

submandibular

Back 132

pertaining to under the lower jaw

Front 133

laparoscopy

Back 133

visual examination of the abdomen

Front 134

enteroenterostomy

Back 134

new opening between two previously unconnected parts of small intestine (an anastomosis)

Front 135

labial

Back 135

pertaining to the lip

Front 136

palatoplasty

Back 136

surgical repair of the roof ot the mouth

Front 137

parenteral

Back 137

pertaining to apart from the intestine (such as IV delivery of nutrients and drugs

Front 138

choledochojejunostomy

Back 138

new opening between the common bile duct and the second part of the small intestine (an anastomosis)

Front 139

ileostomy

Back 139

new opening of the third part of the small intestine to the outside of the body

Front 140

hepatomegaly

Back 140

enlargement of the liver

Front 141

ileitis

Back 141

inflammation of the third part of the small intestine

Front 142

gastrojejunostomy

Back 142

new opening between the stomach and the jejunum

Front 143

orthodontist

Back 143

specialist in straightening teeth

Front 144

endodontist

Back 144

specialist in rooth canal therapy ("within a tooth")

Front 145

pancreatitis

Back 145

inflammation of the pancreas

Front 146

peritonitis

Back 146

inflammation of the lining surrounding abdominal organs

Front 147

pharyngeal

Back 147

pertaining to the throat

Front 148

proctologist

Back 148

specialist in the anal and rectal region

Front 149

uvulectomy

Back 149

removal of the soft tissue hanging from the palate

Front 150

sigmoidoscopy

Back 150

visual examination of the lower part of the large intestine

Front 151

rectocele

Back 151

hernia of the rectum

Front 152

cholecystolithiasis

Back 152

abnormal condition of gallstones

Front 153

stomatitis

Back 153

inflammation of the mouth

Front 154

palatopharyngoplasty

Back 154

surgical repair of the roof of the mouth and the throat

Front 155

lithogenesis

Back 155

formation of a stone (calculus)

Front 156

biliary

Back 156

pertaining to bile

Front 157

pyloroplasty

Back 157

surgical repair of the sphincter between the stomach and intestine

Front 158

sialadenectomy

Back 158

removal of a salivary gland

Front 159

hyperglycemia

Back 159

high blood sugar

Front 160

lipoma

Back 160

tumor of fat (benign)

Front 161

achlorhydria

Back 161

lack of hyrochloric acid

Front 162

sialolith

Back 162

salivary (gland) stone

Front 163

gluconeogenesis

Back 163

production of new sugar

Front 164

choledocholithiasis

Back 164

condition of stones in the common bile duct

Front 165

postprandial

Back 165

pertaining to after meals

Front 166

hematochezia

Back 166

passage of bright red fresh blood from the rectum

Front 167

eructation

Back 167

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

Front 168

flatus

Back 168

gas expelled through the anus

Front 169

nausea

Back 169

unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with tendency to vomit

Front 170

jaundice (icterus)

Back 170

yello- orange skin and whites of the eyes

Front 171

ascites

Back 171

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Front 172

diarrhea

Back 172

frequent passage of loose, watery stools

Front 173

borborygmus

Back 173

rumbling noise produced by the movement of gas or fluid through the gastrointestinal tract

Front 174

constipation

Back 174

difficutly in passing stools

Front 175

melena

Back 175

black tarry stools

Front 176

gastric cancer

Back 176

malignant tumor of the stomach

Front 177

colonic polyps

Back 177

benign growths protruding from the mucous membrane of the large intestine

Front 178

colorectal cancer

Back 178

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both

Front 179

diverticulosis

Back 179

abnormal outpuchings in the intestinal wall

Front 180

dysentery

Back 180

painful, inflamed intestine

Front 181

esophageal cancer

Back 181

malignant tumor of the esophagus

Front 182

ulcerative colitis

Back 182

chronic inflammation of the colon with destruction of its inner surface

Front 183

irritable bowel syndrome

Back 183

group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension

Front 184

hernia

Back 184

protrusion of an organ or body part through the muscle normally containing it

Front 185

hemorrhoids

Back 185

swollen, twisted varicose veins in the region of the rectum

Front 186

cirrhosis

Back 186

degeneration of liver tissue as the result of chronic alcoholism or viral hepatitis

Front 187

hepatitis

Back 187

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

Front 188

pancreatic cancer

Back 188

malignant tumor of the pancreas

Front 189

ileum

Back 189

third part of the small intestine

Front 190

colon

Back 190

large intestine

Front 191

pharynx

Back 191

means the throat

Front 192

lapar/o

Back 192

abdomen

Front 193

celi/o

Back 193

means abdomen

Front 194

gloss/o

Back 194

tongue

Front 195

lingu/o

Back 195

tongue

Front 196

or/o

Back 196

mouth

Front 197

stomat/o

Back 197

mouth

Front 198

etiology

Back 198

study of the cause (of disease)

Front 199

colitis

Back 199

inflammation of the large intestine

Front 200

cholecystitis

Back 200

inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 201

sialadenitis

Back 201

inflammation of the salivary gland

Front 202

ulcer

Back 202

sore or lesion of the mucous membrane in the stomach or duodenum

Front 203

sublingual

Back 203

pertaining to under the tongue

Front 204

anastomosis

Back 204

new connection between two previously unconnected tubes

Front 205

parotid

Back 205

salivary gland near the ear

Front 206

periodontal disease

Back 206

inflammation and degeneration of gums

Front 207

diverticulitits

Back 207

inflammation of small side pockets in the intestinal wall

Front 208

achalasia

Back 208

failure of the LES muscle to relax (lower esophageal sphincter)

Front 209

polyposis

Back 209

abnormal condition of the polyps (small growths)

Front 210

jejunum

Back 210

second part of the small instestine

Front 211

sigmoid colon

Back 211

s- shaped portion of the large bowel

Front 212

sialolithiasis

Back 212

abnormal condition of salivary stones

Front 213

enteric anastomosis

Back 213

new opening between tow previously unconnected parts of the intestine

Front 214

hypoglossal

Back 214

pertaining to under the tongue

Front 215

ileocecal sphincter

Back 215

pertaining to the ringof muscles between the ileum and the cecum

Front 216

oral

Back 216

pertaining to the mouth

Front 217

cholelithiasis

Back 217

abnormal condition of gallstones