Digestive System

Front 1

what is the inner layer of the alimentary canal?

Back 1

mucosa

Front 2

what is mucosa lined with and attached to?

Back 2

lined with epithelium and attached to connective tissue

Front 3

what is the role of mucosa? and what does process does the mucosa carry on?

Back 3

to protect tissues of the canal and carries on secretion and absorption

Front 4

what is the the second inner layer of the alimentary canal?

Back 4

submucosa

Front 5

what is the submucosa made up of and what does it house?

Back 5

it is made up of loose connective tissue and houses blood and lymph vessels and nerves

Front 6

what is the role of the submucosa?

Back 6

it nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal

Front 7

what is the third layer of the alimentary canal?

Back 7

muscular layer

Front 8

what does the muscular layer consists of?

Back 8

consists of inner circular fibers and outer longitudinal fibers

Front 9

what is the role of the muscular layer?

Back 9

to propel food though the canal

Front 10

what is the outer layer of the alimentary canal called?

Back 10

serosa

Front 11

what is the serosa composed of?

Back 11

visceral peritoneum

Front 12

what does the serosa protect and secrete?

Back 12

it protects underlying tissues and secrete serous fluid to keep the canal from sticking to other tissues in the abdominal cavity

Front 13

the motor functions of the alimentary canal are of what two types?

Back 13

mixing movements and propelling movements

Front 14

when does mixing movements occur?

Back 14

occurs when smooth muscles contract rhythmically in small sections of the tube

Front 15

when does propelling movement include?

Back 15

wavelike motion called peristalsis

Front 16

what causes peristalsis in propelling movement?

Back 16

contraction behind a mass of food as relaxation allows the mass to enter the next segment of the tube

Front 17

the checks form the ____ wall of the mouth

Back 17

lateral

Front 18

the lip are highly mobile and sensitive to help judge the _a____ and _b___ of food

Back 18

a. temperature
b. texture

Front 19

what provide friction for moving food around the mouth?

Back 19

papillae

Front 20

what membrane is the thick muscular tongue covered by?

Back 20

mucous

Front 21

the mucous membrane of the tongue contains taste buds that are in what?

Back 21

papillae

Front 22

what are lingual tonsils and where are they located?

Back 22

lymphatic tissues located at the root of the tongue

Front 23

what forms the roof of the oral cavity?

Back 23

the palate

Front 24

hard plate is __a__ and soft palate in __b__ on the roof of the mouth

Back 24

anterior and posterior

Front 25

what two structures function to close off the nasal cavity during swallowing?

Back 25

soft palate and uvula

Front 26

what tonsils are associated with the palate in the back of the mouth are what?

Back 26

palatine tonsils

Front 27

what is the role of palatine tonsils?

Back 27

since they are lymphatic tissues they help protect the body against infection

Front 28

where is the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located?

Back 28

on the posterior wall of the pharynx, above the border of the soft palate

Front 29

two sets of teeth develop in sockets within what processes of the maxillary and mandibular bones?

Back 29

aveolar

Front 30

the ___ primary teeth shed in the order they appeared are replaced by ___ secondary teeth

Back 30

20; 32

Front 31

where does mechanical digestion occur?

Back 31

in the mouth, when teeth take up the action of chewing

Front 32

what are the four sets of teeth known as?

Back 32

incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars

Front 33

each tooth consists of a ___ and a ___

Back 33

crown and a root

Front 34

what are teeth made of?

Back 34

enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, nerves, and blood vessels

Front 35

a tooth is held together tightly in its socket by what ligament?

Back 35

periodontal

Front 36

how does a cavity occur?

Back 36

breakdown of enamel that dissolve when carbohydrates react and form acids, when enamel breaks down bacteria attach dentin, resulting in a cavity

Front 37

what type of tooth pain can lead to death in a patient if not treated?

Back 37

decaying process of the pulp (where nerves are stored)

Front 38

where is saliva secreted?

Back 38

salivary glands

Front 39

salivary glands contain what type of cells that produce amylase

Back 39

serous

Front 40

what type of cells in the salivary gland are produce lubricating and binding mucus

Back 40

mucous

Front 41

salivary glands receive what type of stimulation that triggers the production of a large volume of saliva at the sight or smell of food?

Back 41

parasympathetic

Front 42

what salivary glands lays in front of the ear, is the largest of the major salivary glands; they secrete a clear, watery fluid rich in amylase

Back 42

parotid glands

Front 43

what salivary glands are located in the floor of the mouth, secrete a more viscous fluid?

Back 43

submandibular glands

Front 44

what salivary glands are inferior to the tongue, are the smallest major salivary glands and secrete a saliva that is thick and stringy

Back 44

sublingual glands

Front 45

what cavity is lying behind the mouth

Back 45

pharynx

Front 46

name the muscular tube leading to the stomach

Back 46

esophagus

Front 47

what is the top portion of the pharynx called?

Back 47

nasopharynx

Front 48

what is the middle portion of the pharynx called?

Back 48

oropharynx

Front 49

what is the bottom portion of the pharynx called?

Back 49

largyngopharynx

Front 50

what triggers swallowing reflexes?

Back 50

sensory receptors in the pharynx sense food and trigger the reflex

Front 51

what moistens and lubricated the inner lining of the stomach tube?

Back 51

mucous glands produce mucus which does this

Front 52

what helps to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents into the esophagus?

Back 52

lower esophageal sphincter

Front 53

what is role of the stomach?

Back 53

organ that receives and mixes food with digestive juices, and propels to the small intestine

Front 54

what controls the release of food from the stomach into the small intestine?

Back 54

pyloric sphincter

Front 55

gastric glands generally contain how many types of secretory cells?

Back 55

three

Front 56

what is the role of pepsin concerning digesting what?

Back 56

to digest proteins

Front 57

pepsinogen is activated when it comes in contact with what?

Back 57

hydrochloric acid

Front 58

what do chief cells secrete?

Back 58

pepsin

Front 59

mucous cells produce what that protects the stomach lining?

Back 59

mucus

Front 60

what cells secrete hydrochloric acid?

Back 60

parietal cells

Front 61

what factor of gastric juice is required for vitamin b12 absorption from the small intestine?

Back 61

intrinsic factor

Front 62

gastric secretions are enhanced by what type of impulses? and what hormone?

Back 62

parasympathetic and the hormone gastrin

Front 63

where is the hormone gastrin released from?

Back 63

gastric glands

Front 64

as more food enter the small intestine, secretion of the gastric juice from the stomach wall is ___ inhibited

Back 64

reflexly

Front 65

presence of fats and proteins in the upper small intestine causes the release of _____ from the intestinal wall, which also decreases gastric mobility

Back 65

cholecystokinin

Front 66

as chyme fills the duodenum, stretching of its wall triggers what reflex, which inhibits peristalysis and slows the rate at which the chyme enter the small intestine

Back 66

enterogastric

Front 67

the pancreas has what function (exocrine or endocrine) of producing pancreatic juice that aids digestion

Back 67

exocrine function

Front 68

the cells that produce pancreatic juice are called what and they make up the bulk of the pancreas

Back 68

pancreatic acinar cells

Front 69

the pancreatic and bile ducts join and empty into the small intestine, which is surrounded by the ______ sphincter

Back 69

hepatopancreatic

Front 70

pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest four main things, what are they?

Back 70

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

Front 71

_____ enzymes are released in an inactive form and are activated upon reaching the small intestine

Back 71

protein-digesting

Front 72

what two systems regulate the release of pancreatic juice?

Back 72

nervous and endocrine

Front 73

___ from the duodenum stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with a high _____ ion concentration but few digestive enzymes

Back 73

secretin; bicarbonate

Front 74

_____ from the wall of the small intestine stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with abundant digestive enzymes.

Back 74

Cholecystokinin

Front 75

during the cephalic and gastric phases, what nerve stimulation causes weak interactions of the gallbladder?

Back 75

vagal

Front 76

what is the body's largest internal organ?

Back 76

liver

Front 77

the liver is divided into ___ and ___ lobes

Back 77

right and left

Front 78

the liver is enclosed by a ____ capsule

Back 78

fibrous

Front 79

each lobe of the liver is separated into ____ lobules consisting of ___ cells radiating from a central vein

Back 79

hepatic

Front 80

in the liver what separates groups of hepatic cells?

Back 80

hepatic sinusoids

Front 81

what cells in the liver carry out phagocytosis?

Back 81

kupffer cells

Front 82

secretions from the hepatic cells are collected in ____ canals that converge to form ___ ducts?

Back 82

bile canals converge to form hepatic ducts

Front 83

the liver is responsible for what activities?

Back 83

metabolic

Front 84

what does the liver store besides bile?

Back 84

glycogen, vitamins A, D B12, iron and blood

Front 85

what does the liver filter and remove?

Back 85

blood and removes toxins

Front 86

what is the liver's role in DIGESTION?

Back 86

is to secrete bile

Front 87

what are bile pigments?

Back 87

are breakdown products of red blood cells

Front 88

what are of the bile only has a digestive function?

Back 88

bile SALTS

Front 89

when does bile normally enter the duodenum?

Back 89

when cholecystikinin stimulates the gallbladder to contract

Front 90

_____ sphincter remains contracted unless a peristaltic wave approaches it, at which time it relaxes and what enter the duodenum?

Back 90

bile

Front 91

biles passes down the ___ duct and the ____ ____ duct to duodenum

Back 91

cystic; common bile

Front 92

what emulsify fats into smaller droplets and aids in the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and certain vitamins?

Back 92

bile salts

Front 93

what does the small intestine consists of?

Back 93

the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Front 94

what part of the small intestine is the shortest and most fixed portion?

Back 94

duodenum

Front 95

the small intestine is suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a double-layer fold of __a__ called _b____

Back 95

a. peritoneum
b. mesentery

Front 96

each villus contains a core connective tissue housing what? and a lymphatic capillary called what?

Back 96

housing blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called lacteal

Front 97

between the bases of adjacent villi are ____ ____ glands

Back 97

tubular intestinal

Front 98

cells that secrete mucus in the small intestine include ____ cells

Back 98

goblet

Front 99

intestinal glands as the bases of the villi secrete large amounts of __a__ fluid that carry __b__ products into the villi

Back 99

a. watery
b. digestive

Front 100

mechanical and chemical stimulation from chyme causes ___ cells to secrete mucus

Back 100

goblet

Front 101

distention of the intestinal wall stimulates WHAT REFLEXES that stimulate secretion from the small intestine

Back 101

parasympathetic reflexes

Front 102

in the alimentary canal where is the major site of absorption take place?

Back 102

small intestine

Front 103

Monosaccharides are absorbed by the villi through __a_ transport or _b____ diffusion and enter __c__capillaries.

Back 103

a. active
b. facilitated
c. blood

Front 104

what is absorbed and transported differently than the other nutrients?

Back 104

fatty acids

Front 105

where do fatty acids dissolve into?

Back 105

into the cell membranes of the villi

Front 106

_____ _____ of the cells reconstruct the lipids

Back 106

endoplasmic reticula

Front 107

lipids collect in clusters that become encased in protein known as what?

Back 107

chylomicrons

Front 108

lipid encased proteins known as chylomicrons are carried away in _____ ____ until they eventually join the bloodstream

Back 108

lymphatic lacteals

Front 109

the small intestine carries on what two waves?

Back 109

segmentation and peristaltic waves

Front 110

the ___a__ sphincter at the junction of the small and large intestines usually remains closed unless a __b___ reflex is elicited after a meal

Back 110

a. ilocecal
b. gastroileal

Front 111

what does the large intestine absorb?

Back 111

water and electrolytes

Front 112

what does the large intestine form and store?

Back 112

feces

Front 113

how often do peristaltic waves occur in the large intestine?

Back 113

only two or three times during the day

Front 114

defecation is stimulated by _____ reflex that forces feces into the rectum where they can be expelled

Back 114

defecation

Front 115

the receptors in the sigmoid colon transmit signals along ___a_ fibers to the _b___ ____ neurons

Back 115

a. afferent
b. spinal cord

Front 116

what are feces composed of?

Back 116

composed of undigested material, water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria

Front 117

both the color of the feces and its odor is due to what action?

Back 117

the action of the bacteria

Front 118

what hormone activates parietal cells to release HCl

Back 118

histamine

Front 119

what hormone causes contraction of the stomach muscle?

Back 119

serotonin

Front 120

what hormone is an inhibitory of secretion and contraction?

Back 120

somatostatin

Front 121

what hormone stimulates the buffer secretion; dilates intestinal capillaries and releases intestinal smooth muscle in the small intestine?

Back 121

vasoactive intestinal peptide

Front 122

_____ is the process by which the body takes in and uses nutrients

Back 122

nutrition

Front 123

____ _____ are those nutrients that CANNOT be synthesized by human cells

Back 123

essential nutrients

Front 124

_____, such as sugars and starches, are organic compounds used for sources of energy in the diet

Back 124

carbohydrates

Front 125

____ is a complex carbohydrate that CANNOT be digested, but provides bulk (fiber), facilitating the movement of food through the intestine

Back 125

cellulose

Front 126

what monosaccharides are absorbed in the small intestine?

Back 126

fructose, galactose, and glucose

Front 127

what two monosaccharides does the liver convert into glucose?

Back 127

fructose and galactose

Front 128

where is excess glucose stored as and where in? OR what is it converted into?

Back 128

stored as glycogen in the liver OR converted into fat and stored in adipose tissue

Front 129

what does body cells like neurons need to survive?

Back 129

glucose

Front 130

what is converted into energy when glucose is scarce?

Back 130

amino acids

Front 131

_____ are organic substances that supply energy for cellular processes and to build structures

Back 131

lipids

Front 132

the most common dietary lipids are what?

Back 132

triglycerides

Front 133

what does lipids include?

Back 133

fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol

Front 134

where are triglycerides found?

Back 134

in plant- and animal-based foods

Front 135

saturated fats are found in food of what origin?

Back 135

animal

Front 136

unsaturated fats are found in food of what origin?

Back 136

plant

Front 137

cholesterol is found only in foods of what origin?

Back 137

animal

Front 138

what are triglycerides broken down to by digestion?

Back 138

fatty acids and glycerol

Front 139

what two things control triglyceride metabolism

Back 139

liver and adipose tissue

Front 140

the liver controls the circulation __a__ and __b____

Back 140

a. lipids
b. cholesterol

Front 141

excessive lipids are stored in what tissue?

Back 141

adipose

Front 142

amino acids are also potential sources of what?

Back 142

energy

Front 143

animal or plant source of protein contain all essential amino acids?

Back 143

animal

Front 144

_____ are organic compounds required in small amounts for normal metabolic processes, and are not produced by cells in adequate amounts

Back 144

vitamins

Front 145

what vitamins are fat-soluble?

Back 145

A,D,E,and K

Front 146

what vitamins are water-soluble

Back 146

B and C

Front 147

____ vitamins are necessary for normal cellular metabolism in the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Back 147

water-soluble (B and C)

Front 148

what particular vitamin is needed for the production of collagen, the metabolism of certain amino acids, and the conversion of folacin into folinic acid?

Back 148

vitamin C

Front 149

_____ mineral are derived from the soil and are essential in human metabolism

Back 149

dietary

Front 150

mineral are responsible for what % of body weight, and are concentrated in the bones and teeth

Back 150

4%

Front 151

Minerals may be incorporated into ___a__ molecules or __b___ compounds, while other are __c___ ____.

Back 151

a. organic
b. inorganic
c. free ions

Front 152

____comprise parts of the structural materials in all body cells, where they may also be portions of enzymes; they contribute to the osmotic pressure of body fluids and play roles in conduction of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, coagulation of blood, and maintenance of pH.

Back 152

minerals

Front 153

__a____ and __b___ account for 75% of weight of the minerals, and are this called major mineral

Back 153

a. calcium
b. phosphorus

Front 154

what are other major minerals? (5 of them)

Back 154

potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium

Front 155

_____ ____ are the essential nutrients needed only in minute amounts, each making up less than 0.005% of adult body weight

Back 155

trace elements

Front 156

_____ is poor nutrition that results either from a lack of essential nutrients or a failure to utilize the

Back 156

malnutrition