Digestive System

Front 1

rugae

Back 1

longitudinal folds when stomach is empty

Front 2

hepatic aretery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver at _______

Back 2

porta hepatis and the common hepatic duct

Front 3

What is absorption?

Back 3

is the movement of organic substrates electrolytes, across the digestive epithlium and inot the interstital fluid

Front 4

What are the two essential ingredients of metabolic reactions?

Back 4

1. oxygen
2. organic molecules that can be broken down by intracellular enzymes.

Front 5

gastroesophageal sphincter

Back 5

keeps food in stomach

Front 6

hepatocytes

Back 6

liver cells

Front 7

What are the components of the Digestive tract (gastrointestinal)?

Back 7

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Front 8

falciform ligament

Back 8

separate the right and left lobes and suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

Front 9

ascites

Back 9

accumulation of fluid

Front 10

what does bile do

Back 10

break up fats inot tiny particles

Front 11

What is excretion?

Back 11

removal of waste products from body fluids.

Front 12

lacteal

Back 12

modified lymphatic capillary inside the villi

Front 13

segmentation

Back 13

cycles of contraction

Front 14

cirrhosis

Back 14

progressive chromic inflammation of the liver that typically results from chronic alcoholism...liver becomes fibrous and its activity is depressed

Front 15

What is secretion?

Back 15

release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts, by the epithelium of the digestie tract and by glandular organs

Front 16

HVB and HVA

Back 16

B is transmitted via blood
A is transmitted via feces

Front 17

chyme

Back 17

creamy paste formed in the stomach

Front 18

What does the Mucosal barrier do?

Back 18

protect stomach
1. produce rich bicarbonate mucus 2. cells joined by tight junction 3. renewsed 3to 6 days

Front 19

What is the ejection of materials from the digestive tract?

Back 19

defecation which eliminates materials as feces.

Front 20

cephalic phase

Back 20

brain thinks about it which kicks in all the cells to become active

Front 21

defensins

Back 21

respond to injury by producing antimicrobial peptids

Front 22

secretin is relased by intestinal cells exposed to

Back 22

fatty chyme which tell to secret bicorbonate rich juice that lacks bile salts

Front 23

Ingestion

Back 23

active process involving conscious choiece and decision making

Front 24

enterohepatic circulation

Back 24

bile salts are 1. reabsorbed into blood 2. returned to liver 3. resecreted in newly formed bile

Front 25

plaque

Back 25

organic material become calcified

Front 26

kupffer cells

Back 26

star shaped recticuloendotheilial cells primary job of the liver (remove debris.

Front 27

digestion?

Back 27

chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments suitbale for absorption

Front 28

what does the liver do? 6 things?

Back 28

1. remove toxin 2. store glucose, vit. and minerals 3. process proteins 4. turn nitrogen to ammonium to urea 5 process hemoglobin to bilrubin 6. processing bile salts which goes into intestine

Front 29

pyloric

Back 29

lowest part of the stomach goes inot sm. intestine

Front 30

bile leave the liver through _________ which travels downward toward the duodenum.

Back 30

common hepatic duct

Front 31

What role does the lining of the digestive tract play?

Back 31

safeguards against
1. corrosive effects of digestive acids
2. mechanical stresses
3. bacteria

Front 32

the sm. intestine consist of

Back 32

dudodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 33

omenta

Back 33

yellow helps to hold stomach to digestive organs

Front 34

what causes ulcers

Back 34

helicobacter pylori bacteria which destroys epithelium layer

Front 35

what are the 4 layers of the digestive tract?

Back 35

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Front 36

gastric phase

Back 36

grind food, fat stays for awhile while sugars burn up quickly

Front 37

gingivitis

Back 37

breakdown of epithelial cells in the gum

Front 38

urobilinogen

Back 38

gives feces a brown color

Front 39

what is ingestion?

Back 39

active process involving conscious choice and decision making

Front 40

intestinal phase

Back 40

where most of the absorption happens and defecation occurs

Front 41

permanent transverse folds increases surface area

Back 41

plicae

Front 42

paneth cells

Back 42

secrete lyozyomes which kill bacteria

Front 43

mechanical processing?

Back 43

physical manipulation and distortion that makes materials easier to propel.

Front 44

duodenial glands

Back 44

secrete sodium bicarbonate

Front 45

peritonitis

Back 45

inflammation of peritoneal membrane (appendix)

Front 46

bilirubin

Back 46

waste product of the heme of hemoglobin

Front 47

sublingual

Back 47

watery acts as buffer and lubricant at the base of the mouth

Front 48

What are the 3 muscle layer in the stomach to allow churning?

Back 48

cardia, longitudinal, circular

Front 49

submandibular

Back 49

fuffer and glycoprotein

Front 50

3 things portal triad made of

Back 50

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vien, and bile duct

Front 51

Chief cells

Back 51

(zymogenic) produce pepsinogen

Front 52

hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of oddi)

Back 52

entery of bile and pancreatic juice is controlled by this muscular valve.

Front 53

parietal cells

Back 53

(oxyntic) produce HCl making stomach acidic

Front 54

hepatopancreatic ampulla

Back 54

where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct join

Front 55

hiatus hernia

Back 55

stomach above diaphragm which cause food to go back up (food stuck)....helped by antacid and no eating latenight

Front 56

crypts of lieberkuhn

Back 56

secrete intestinal juices

Front 57

Enteroendocrine

Back 57

variety of hormones such as gastrin, histamin,serotonin

Front 58

What are the 3 muscle layer in the stomach to allow churning?

Back 58

cardia, longitudinal, circular

Front 59

submucosal plexus (plexus of meissner)

Back 59

contains sensory neurons and other nerural fibers

Front 60

acid + base =

Back 60

water and salt

Front 61

pyloric sphncter

Back 61

controls stomach emptying
stays close until the stomach acids have finish digestion

Front 62

villi

Back 62

fingerlike projections of the mucosa in the sm intestine which increase surface area

Front 63

fundus

Back 63

top of the stomach

Front 64

hepatitis

Back 64

inflammation of the liver due to viral infection

Front 65

esophageal hiatus

Back 65

opening in diaphragm where it enters the stomach

Front 66

mumps

Back 66

inflammation of the parotid glands which speads by saliva

Front 67

digestive tract has ________ lining

Back 67

epithelial

Front 68

peritonitis

Back 68

inflammation of the peritoneum, caused by wound or ulcer.

Front 69

mesocolon

Back 69

hold large intestine in place

Front 70

peritoneum

Back 70

tissue surrounding the abdomen

visceral- covers the external surfaces (organs)
parietal- lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 71

omentum

Back 71

greater/lesser...helps to hang the digestive tract. storage of fat.

Front 72

hormone that coordinate the activities of the digestive tract and accessory glands

Back 72

enteroendocrine cells

Front 73

amylase

Back 73

breaks down carbs...in the saliva.

Front 74

peristalsis

Back 74

wave to propel objects

Front 75

splanchnic circulation

Back 75

those arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve the digestive organs and the hepactic portal circulation.

Front 76

lysozymes and defensins

Back 76

produce in sm amt. in intenstine to remove bacteria

Front 77

to get rid of urea and uric acid

Back 77

sweat but mainly urine

Front 78

ingest

Back 78

take into the mouth

Front 79

retroperitoneum

Back 79

behind the peritoneum tissue....peal off to get to kidney

Front 80

Saliva

Back 80

mainly H2O....helps lubracate as food moves down.

Front 81

parotid gland

Back 81

back by the mandable.....infection by tobacco

Front 82

types of salivary glands

Back 82

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Front 83

absorb

Back 83

goes into the blood stream....start bottom of stomach

Front 84

lingual frenulum

Back 84

holds tongue in place

Front 85

mesentery

Back 85

milky white tissue that surrounds the intenstine, also hold organs in place and store fat

Front 86

digest

Back 86

to breakdown, by mechaninal and chemically