Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines are part of which group of the digestive system?
|
the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines are part of the ALIMENTARY CANAL.
|
|
|
teeth tongue salivary glands gallbladder liver and pancreas are part grouped as ___ organs of the digestive system.
|
teeth tongue salivary glands gallbladder liver and pancreas are part grouped as ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS
|
|
|
what is mechanical digestion?
|
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
chewing food in mouth & churning food in stomach |
|
|
what is considered chemical digestion?
|
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
complex molecules broken down to chemical components in the mouth, stomach, small intestine |
|
|
Absorption is? Defecation is?
|
ABSORPTION: transport of digested nutrients across villi into blood and lacteals
DEFECATION: elimination of indigestible substance as feces |
|
|
what are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal from inside to out?
|
layers of alimentary canal:
-mucosa -submucosa -muscularis externa -serosa layer |
|
|
what is the purpose of the mucosa layer of the alimentary tract?
|
MUCOSA layer is rich with capillaries that nourish the epithelium & it absorbs digested nutrients
|
|
|
purpose of submucosa layer of alimentary canal?
|
SUBMUCOSA layer allows the alimentary tract to stretch as food goes through
|
|
|
what are the two ways the muscularis externa layer orient in the alimentary tract?
|
CIRCULAR MUSCULARIS (orients around circumference of canal) & LONGITUDINAL MUSCULARIS (orients along length of the canal)
|
|
|
what is the main characteristic of the serosa layer of the alimentary tract aka adventitia?
|
SEROSA layer AKA ADVENTITIA of the alimentary tract is LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
|
|
|
where is the myenteric nerve plexus located? purpose
|
MYENTERIC NERVE PLEXUS found btwn the circular & longitudinal muscularis; controls peristalsis
|
|
|
where is the submucosal nerve plexus located? function?
|
SUBMUCOSAL NERVE PLEXUS
found in the submucosa layer; it signals glands to secrete |
|
|
the alimentary tract of digestion is innervated by what fibers?
|
innervation by
sympathetic motor fibers parasympathetic motor fibers visceral sensory fibers |
|
|
alimentary tract is lined with what kind of tissue?
|
Way to remember
simple columnar epitheilial tissue in places of absorbtion (stomach, intestines) stratified squamous epithelial everywhere else (mouth, esophagus, pharynx, anal canal) |
|
|
what connects the lips to gum? lift upper lift and its the thing in the middle
|
LABIAL FRENULUM connects the lips to gum
|
|
|
what connects the tongue to the mouth floor? lift up tongue & its that thing in the middle again
|
LINGUAL FRENULUM connects the tongue to the mouth floor
|
|
|
what is the roof of the mouth called?
|
PALATE is the roof of the mouth
|
|
|
what do we use to grip & move food in the mouth?
|
TONGUE grips & moves food
|
|
|
another name for baby teeth? how many do we have?
|
20 DECIDUOUS TEETH appear at 6 mos of age
|
|
|
how many permanent teeth do we have? when do they emerge? how many of each kind/
|
32 PERMANENT TEETH appear at age 6
-8 incisors -4 canines -8 premolars -12 molars |
|
|
REVIEW THE TOOTH STRUCTURE NOW
|
LOOK AT TOOTH STRUCTURE PLEASE. SLIDE 21
|
|
|
what are the salivary glands?
|
SALIVARY GLANDS
compound tubuloaveolar glands that produce saliva |
|
|
which is the largest extrinsic gland? where is it? where does this saliva come out?
|
PAROTID GLAND is the largest extrinsic gland. anterior to the ear. opens into mouth lateral to 2nd upper molars
|
|
|
where are the submandibular glands found? where do they open to?
|
SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS lie along medial surface of the mandible. opens lateral to tongue's lingua frenulum. has serous & mucous cells
|
|
|
where are the sublingual glands found? what kind of cells does it contain?
|
SUBLINGUAL GLANDS lie in floor of oral cavity inferior to tongue, contains mainly mucous cells
|
|
|
what is the purpose of the cardiac sphincter?
|
the CARDIAC (GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL) SPHINCTER prevents stomach acid from entering the esophagus
|
|
|
layers of the esophagus starting from the inside
|
esophagus layers
-mucosa -submucosa -muscularis externa - skeletal muslce first third of length -adventitia - most external layer, connective tissue |
|
|
when the esophagus is empty the mucosaand submucosa have ___ folds.
|
when the esophagus is empty, the mucosa and submucosa have LONGITUDINAL FOLDS.
|
|
|
what is chyme?
|
CHYME
paste like substance that food is turned into in the stomach |
|
|
what is secreted to create the acidic conditions & begin protein digestions?
|
PEPSIN & HCl are secreted to make the stomach acidic & begin digestion
|
|
|
can the stomach absorb the food?
|
there is MINOR absorption in the stomach, some water, electrolytes & some drugs
|
|
|
review regions of the stomach image. slide 38
|
regions of stomach
-fundus (top curve of stomach) -body -greater curvature -lesser curvature -pyloric region (at the bottom where it meets the intestine) -pyloric sphincter -cardiac region (where stomach meets esophagus) |
|
|
what are the longitudinal folds inside the stomach called?
|
RUGAE
longitudinal folds inside the stomach. they flatten when stomach fills |
|
|
where are the gastric pits found? and the gastric glands?
|
gastric pits dot the mucosa layer of the stomach! gastric glands are deep to these pits
|
|
|
3 layers of the muscularis externa in the stomach
|
3 layers of the muscularis externa in stomach:
-circular -longitudinal layers -oblique layers |
|
|
what are the mucous neck cells?
|
MUCOUS NECK CELLS
gland that secretes mucus in the fundus & body of the stomach |
|
|
what is the purpose of the enteroendocrine cells?
|
ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS
hormones secreting cells (e.g. gastrin); gastrin signals parietal cells to produce HCl acid when food enters the stomach |
|
|
what signals the parietal cells to make HCl when food arrives?
|
hormone GASTRIN signals HCl release
|
|
|
which cells secrete HCl & gastric intrinsic factors?
|
PARIETAL (OXYNTIC) CELLS secrete HCl & gastric intrinsic factor
|
|
|
what secretes pepsinogen?
|
CHIEF (ZYMOGENIC) CELLS secrete pepsinogen which is activated to pepsin when it encounters acid in the gastric glands
|
|
|
which is longer, the small or large intestine?
|
small intestine is longer! it is 6m long. large intestine is only 1.5m
|
|
|
which part of the small intestine is the longest?
|
the ileum is the longest portion of the small intestine (3.5 m). then the jejunum (2.4 m). then the duodenum (.3m)
|
|
|
which part of the digestive system is the stie for most digestion by enzymes & absorption
|
small intestine is where all the digestion by enzymes & absorption is at.
|
|
|
small intestine is innervated by parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve & sympathetic from thoracic splanchnic nerves.
|
i don't know how i'm going to remember.
|
|
|
what modifications in the small intestine help with absorption?
|
mods in small intestine for absorption:
-circular fold (plicae circulares); transvers ridges of mucosa and submucosa increase surface area -villi -microvilli |
|
|
things i already know:
villi are the finger like projects of the mucosa & they increase surface area for absorption |
it's densely packed microvilli (micro finger projections) which have brush border enzymes that complete the final stages of nutrient breakdown. & provides 200 square meters of absorptive space in the small intestine
|
|
|
where are the blood capillaries and lacteal/lymphatic capillaries found?
|
VILLA LAMINA PROPRIA of each villi in the small intestine has network of blood and lymphtaticl capillaries
|
|
|
what is the purpose of the blood capillaries?
|
blood capillaries are in the small intestine and absorb the products of digestion of carbs & proteins & take to liver via hepatic portal system
|
|
|
purupose of the lymphatic capillaries
|
lymphatic capillaries AKA lacteals absorb the products of digestion of fats. newly absorbed lipids are assembled into protein-lipid complexes called CHYLOMICRONS
|
|
|
what are chylomicrons?
|
CHYLOMICRONS are the lipid-protein complexes assembled when the lacteals absorb the lipids from the small intestine
|
|
|
purpose of enteroendocrine cells?
|
ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS secrete hormones which signal the gall bladder to release bile & the pancrease to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum
|
|
|
purpose of goblet cells?
|
GOBLET CELLS secrete mucus which lubricates the chyme, protects intestinal walls from enzymatic digestion, increases distally
|
|
|
purpose of the absorptive cells?
|
ABSORPTIVE CELLS uptake digested nutrients which are then absorbed by blood capillaries & lacteal
|
|
|
purpose of intestinal crypts (crypts of lieberkuhn)?
|
INTESTINAL CRYPTS secrete watery intestinal juice which mixes with the chyme, renews the epithelium of small intestine every 3-6 days
|
|
|
the digestive enzymes first go to the ___ via the ___ duct & bile via the ___ duct
|
digestive enzymes go the DUODENUM via the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT & bile via the COMMON BILE duct
|
|
|
which digestive enzymes break up
-proteins -fats -carbs -nucleic acids |
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
-proteases split proteins into amino acids -lipases split fats into glycerol & fatty acids -carbohydrases split carbs into sugar -nucleases split nucleic acids into nucleotides |
|
|
what does the jejunum absorb
|
jejunum absorbs
-water -amino acids -sugar -fatty acids -vitamins -minerals -electrolytes |
|
|
what does the ileum absorb
|
ileum absorbs
-vitamin b -bile salts -and other |
|
|
where do you find the ileocecal valve?
|
ILEOCECAL VALVE connects the ileum (small intestine) to the cecum (large intestine)
|
|
|
path through large intestine starting from the ileocecal valve. GO!
|
ileocecal valve
ascending colon right colic (hepatic) flexure transverse colon left colic (heaptic) flexure descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anal canal |
|
|
is there digestion in the large intestine?
|
small amt of digestion in the large intestine by bacteria.
|
|
|
function of the large intestine?
|
large intestine absorbs water & electrolytes
|
|
|
what is the teniae coli?
|
TENIAE COLI is thickening of longitudinal muscularis with 3 longitudinal strips places at equal intervals around colon and cecum
-makes me think of the stretchy band that scrunches up clothes |
|
|
what is the haustra
|
HAUSTRA are the puckering sacs in the large intestine created by teniae coli; haustral churning is sequential movements of contents from one haustra to the next
|
|
|
what are the epiploic (omental) appendages?
|
EPIPLOIC (OMENTAL) APPENDAGES are the fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum attached to the intestine
-little yellow ball sacks |
|
|
does the large intestine have more/less villi than the small? goblet cells
|
large has _ _ than the small
less villi more goblet cells |
|
|
how often do the intestinal crypts and epithelial cells replace in the large intestine?
|
every 7 days the cells of the large intestine are replaced
|
|
|
where is the sigmoid colon found/
|
SIGMOID COLON
joins the large intestine and the rectum |
|
|
how does the rectum generate strong contractions for defecation?
|
the rectum has longiudinal mucles that generate the contractions for pooping
|
|
|
what kind of tissue does the anal canal have/
|
stratified squamous epithelium
|
|
|
what is the peritoneum?
|
PERITONEUM
serous membrane that lines abdominal-pelvic cavity, surrounds the digestive organs & line the body wall |
|
|
what is the visceral peritoneum?
|
VISCERAL PERITONEUM
lines the digestive organs |
|
|
what is the parietal peritoneum?
|
PARIETAL PERITONEUM
lines the body wall |
|
|
what is the peritoneal cavity?
|
PERITONEAL CAVITY
slit-like space in btwn the visceral peritoneum & parietal peritoneum |
|
|
what is mesentary?
|
MESENTARY
double layer of peritoneum which is a sheet of 2 fused layers of serous membranes that extends from the body wall to the digestive organs |
|
|
purpose of mesentary?
|
mesentary purpose;
-holds organs in place -sites of fat storage -provides route for circulatory vessels & nerves |
|
|
what is the greater omentum?
|
GREATER OMENTUM
a 'fatty apron' of peritoneum attaches greater curvature of stomach; dorsal mesentary |
|
|
what is the lesser omentum?
|
LESSER OMENTUM
attaches to lesser curvature of stomach |
|
|
what is the falciform ligament?
|
FALCIFORM LIGAMENT attaches to the anterior liver
|
|
|
what does the mesentery proper attach to? 2
|
MESENTERY PROPER attaches to the ileum & jejunum
|
|
|
what are retroperitoneal organs? examples?
|
RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS
organs behind peritoneum which lack mesentaries & fuse to posterior abdominal wall Ex: pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum |
|
|
what is the largest gland in the body?
|
the liver is the largest gland in the body
|
|
|
what does the liver do?
|
liver performs many metabolic functions & creates bile
|
|
|
what are the functional cells of the liver/
|
hepatocytes are the functional cells of the liver
|
|
|
what are Kupffer cells?
|
Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages which line the sinusoids of the liver & destroy bacteria
|
|
|
what is the portal triad?
|
PORTAL TRIAD
-component of the hepatic lobule in the liver -includes the bile duct, portal venule, portal arteriole |
|
|
what is the path for bile?
|
bile is produced in the pancreas, stored in the gall baldder and then released into the duodenum via the cystic duct and then bile duct
|
|
|
what is the bile sphincter?
|
sphincter that lets bile into the duodenum from the gall bladder
|
|
|
basic function of respiratory system?
|
respiratory system
gets rid of CO2 supplies body with O2 |
|
|
what is the conducting zone?
|
CONDUCTING ZONE
carries air to sites of gas exchange and filter, humidify, and warm air as it is conducted through the nose, mouth, throat, trachea, bronchi |
|
|
what is the respiratory zone?
|
RESPIRATORY ZONE
actual site of gas exchange in the lungs in bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveolar sacrs |
|
|
the nose does which of the following?
a. provides airway for respiration b. moistens & warms the air c. resonating chamber for speech d. has olfactory receptors e. all of the above |
nose does it all!
-provides airway for respiration -moistens & warms air -filters inhaled air -resonating chamber for speech -houses olfactory receptors |
|
|
what are the external nares AKA?
|
external nares=nostrils
|
|
|
what is the nasal cavity divided by?
|
nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum
|
|
|
what is a choanae?
|
CHOANAE
posterior tunnel shaped nasal apertures |
|
|
where in the nose are all the olfactory receptors housed?
|
olfactory receptors found in the OLFACTORY MUCOSA
|
|
|
what kind of epithelium is the nasal respiratory mucosa?
|
nasal respiratory mucosa is pseudostratifed ciliated columnar which moves mucous
|
|
|
what is the purpose of sticky mucus in the nose?
|
sticky mucus coverst eh mucosal surface & traps the inhaled bacteria, viruses, pollen, dust, other debris
|
|
|
how much mucus is secreted in a day? what is in the mucus?
|
a liter of mucus is secreted in a day. it has lysozyme enzyme that destroys & digests bacteria
|
|
|
the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial lining moves the mucus in which direction?
|
the ciliated epithelial lining moves the mucus posteriorly to the pharynx where it is swallowed
|
|
|
which of the nasal conchae is a separate bone?
a. inferior nasal conchae b. middle nasal conchae c. superior nasal conchae |
the inferior nasal conchae is a separate bone! the superior & middle nasal conchaes are part of the ethmoid bone.
|
|
|
purpose of the nasal conchae?
|
when air is inhaled, the curvature of the conchae increases the amt of contact btwn nasal mucosa & air, so it filters, heats, & moistens the air
|
|
|
what connects the nasal cavity & the mouth?
|
the pharynx connects the nasal cavity and the mouth
|
|
|
what is the nasopharynx? is it open or closed during swallowing?
|
nasopharynx is the superior portion of the pharynx. it is closed during swallowing
|
|
|
where are the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) found? purpose?
|
PHARYNGEAL TONSIL (ADENOIDS)
found on posterior wall of the nasopharynx it defends against pathogens entering in air or on food |
|
|
which part of the pharynx contains the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube (auditory or eustachean tube)?
|
the nasopharynx contains the opening to the pharyngotympanic tube
|
|
|
what is the fauces?
|
FAUCES
arch-like entrance way of the oropharynx that extends from soft palate to the epiglottis |
|
|
what kind of epithelium does the oropharynx have?
|
oropharynx has stratified squamous epithelium
|
|
|
where are the palatine tonsils found?
|
palatine tonsils are in the lateral walls of the fauces of the oropharynx
|
|
|
where are lingual tonsils found?
|
lingual tonsils cover the posterior surface of the tongue in the oropharynx
|
|
|
what part of the pharynx is a passageway for both food and air?
|
the laryngopharynx is most inferior and serves as passageway for food and air
|
|
|
what type of epithelium is in the laryngopharynx?
|
laryngopharynx has stratified squamous epithelium
|
|
|
what are the functions of the larynx?
|
LARYNX
-voice production -provides open airway -routes air & food into proper channels |
|
|
T/F the superior opening of the larynx is closed during swallowing.
|
true! superior opening of larynx i closed during swallowing because the larynx lets air in! duh.
|
|
|
which piece of cartilage forms the adam's apple (laryngeal prominence)?
|
the thyroid cartilage forms the adams apple
|
|
|
which cartilage is shield shaped?
|
the thyroid cartilage is shield shaped
|
|
|
which cartilage in the larynx is the only one that forms a complete ring?
|
the cricoid cartilage forms a complete ring
|
|
|
what is the epiglottis?
|
EPIGLOTTIS
cartilage of the larynx; tips inferiorly cover entry to trachea during swallowing |
|
|
what are the vocal folds?
|
VOCAL FOLDS
are the true vocal cords found in the larynx act in sound production |
|
|
what are the vestibular folds?
|
VESTIBULAR FOLDS
are the false vocal cords found in the larynx no role in sound production |
|
|
what's the epithelium of the larynx?
|
larynx
superior portion=stratified squamous inferior portion=pseudostratifed ciliated columnar |
|
|
what in the larynx changes the pitch of a voice?
|
pitch determined by the length of the vocal folds
|
|
|
what changes the loudness of a voice?
|
loudness depends on the foce of air across the vocal folds
|
|
|
the larynx is innervated by ..?
|
larynx innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerves (branc of vagus nerve, X)
|
|
|
what keeps the airway open in the trachea?
|
in trachea, airway is kept open by the c shaped cartilage
|
|
|
what is the epithelium of the trachea
|
in the trachea, it is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
|
|
|
what are carina?
|
CARINA
marks where trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi |
|
|
T/F right main bronchi is wider & shorter than the left main bronchi
|
TRUE. right main bronchi is wider & shorter than the left main bronchi
|
|
|
which lung has more lobes?
|
right lung has 3 lobes, left has 2
|
|
|
what kind of supportive tissue is in the trachea?
|
trachea is supported by hyaline cartilage rings
|
|
|
elastin supports which part of the lungs?
|
elastin tissue supports the bronchioles
|
|
|
bronchi have what kind of supportive tissue?
|
bronchi have plates of cartilage for support
|
|
|
do airways constrict or dilate with sympathetic stimulation?
|
airways DILATE with sympathetic stimulation. need to! fight or flight repsonse
|
|
|
what is the surface area of the alveoli?
|
surface area of the alveoli is 140 square meters (from the 300 million alveoli)
|
|
|
what are the structures of the respiratory zone?
|
respiratory zone structures
-alveolar pores -alveoli -alveolar sac -alveolar duct -respiratory bronchiole |
|
|
what are Type I cells?
|
Type I cells is a single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that makes each alveoli. it is surrounded by a basal lamina
|
|
|
what moves freely among the alveoli and engulfs microbes?
|
the alveolar macrophages travel freely & eat up all the microbes
|
|
|
what is the purpose of the alveolar pores?
|
alveolar pores interconnect alveoli & equalize air pressure in the lungs
|
|
|
what is the purpose of the respiratory membrane?
|
respiratory membrane
made of the basal lamina of alveolar epithelium & blood capillary endothelium through which O2 and CO2 are exchanged |
|
|
what are the Type II cells in the alveoli?
|
Type II cells
cuboidal epithelial cells secrete surfactant that reduces surface tension within alveoli to keep them inflated |
|
|
what is the hilum?
|
HILUM
indentation on medial surface of each lunch through which bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels & nerves enter and exit the lung |
|
|
where is the apex of the lung? the base of the lung?
|
apex = superior tip of lung
base = inferior surface that sits on the diaphragm |
|
|
T/F the left lung has an oblique and horizontal fissure
|
FALSE. the left lung only has 2 lobes so it only has an oblique fissure. the right lung, however, has an oblique & horizontal fissure
|
|
|
how many bronchopulmonary segments in the right
superior lobe? middle lobe? inferior lobe? |
bronchopulmonary segments in right
superior lobe - 3 middle lobe - 2 inferior lobe - 5 |
|
|
how many bronchopulmonary segments in the left
superior lobe? inferior lobe? |
bronchopulmonary segments in left
superior lobe - 4 inferior lobe - 5 |
|
|
what delivers the oxygen poor blood to the lungs?
|
PULMONARY ARTERIES deliver oxygen poor blood to the lungs
|
|
|
what delivers the oxygenated blood to the heart?
|
PULMONARY VEINS deliver oxygenated blood to the heart
|
|
|
what is the pleurae?
|
PLEURAE
double-layered sac surrounding each lung there's a parietal & visceral pleura |
|
|
what is the most important repiratory control center? where is it found?
|
the most important respiratory center is the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata
|
|
|
what is the ventral respiratory group (VRG)?
|
ventral respiratory group is a pacemaker that generates respiratory rhythm 7 rate with input from pons & dorsal respiratory group
|
|
|
where is the central chemoreceptor found?
|
central chemoreceptor is in the medulla oblongata
|
|
|
why are chemoreceptors important?
|
chemoreceptors are important because they are sensitive to changes in O2 & CO2 levels and this input goes to the medulla respiratory center
|
|
|
how does the peripheral chemoreceptor transmit information to the aortic bodies?
|
peripheral chemoreceptor transmits sensory info to the aortic bodies via the vagus nerve (X)
|
|
|
how do the peripheral chemoreceptors transmit sensory info to the carotid bodies?
|
peripheral chemoreceptor transmits sensory info to the carotid bodies via the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
|
|
|
what is inspiration?
|
inspiration is inhalation, a phase of ventilation.
volume of thoracic cavity increase diaphragm flattens & moves down contraction of external intercostal muscles raises the ribs upward thoracic wall stiffens |
|
|
what muscles contribute to deep inspiration?
|
scalenes, ternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, erector spinae all contribute to deep inspiration
|
|
|
what happens during quiet expiration to muscles, diaphragm, and thoracic cavity?
|
QUIET EXPIRATION
-considered a passive process -muscles relax -diaphragm moves superiorly -volume of thoracic cavity decreases |
|
|
what is forced expiration? what muscles are involved?
|
FORCED EXPIRATION
-considered an active process -produced by contraction of oblique muscles, transverse abdominis muscles, latissimus dorsi & internal intercostals |
|
|
what is forced expiration? what muscles are involved?
|
FORCED EXPIRATION
-considered an active process -produced by contraction of oblique muscles, transverse abdominis muscles, latissimus dorsi & internal intercostals |
