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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the sole purpose of the digestive system?
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Extract useful nutrients from ingested food and fluids
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The digestive system is simply a "long tube" going through the body. What is the name given to this "tube"?
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Alimentary canal
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The 'alimentary canal' consists of 6 parts. What are they?
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"1. Oral cavity
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The digestive system has organs which are not part of the alimentary canal, but aid in digestion. What is the general name of all of these organs?
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Accessory organs
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There are 6 accessory organs that aid in digestion. What are they?
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"1. Pancreas
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What is 'enteritis', and what is it commonly called and caused by?
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"Inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining.
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What is the common meaning for 'deglutition'?
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Swallowing
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What are some of the characteristics of the 'oral cavity'? (There are 6 of them)
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"1. Ingest food
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What are some of the characteristics of the 'pharynx'? (There are 3 of them)
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"1. Receive bolus from oral cavity
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What are some of the characteristics of the 'esophagus'? (There are 2 of them)
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"1. Moves bolus to stomach via peristalsis (muscle moving waves)
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Which sphincter restricts the back-flow of food from the esophagus to the pharynx?
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Esophageal sphincter
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What is 'peristalsis'?
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The movement of a bolus via the muscles in the esophagus/intestines.
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What are some of the characteristics of the 'stomach'? (There are 7 of them)
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"1. Receives bolus from esophagus
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What is 'chyme'?
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Chemical breakdown of a bolus when mixed with gastric juices
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What are some of the characteristics of the 'small intestine'? (There are 5 of them)
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"1. Receives chyme from stomach
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What are some of the characteristics of the 'large intestine'? (There are 4 of them)
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"1. Receives undigested waste from small intestine
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Where does digestion start and how?
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Starts in the mouth with saliva and is broken down into smaller particles
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Mastication (chewing) is important because it does what to the food? Why is this important?
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"Increases the surface area of the food
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There are 3 processed involved with digestion that start in the mouth. What are they?
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"1. Mastication (chewing)
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What does 'amylase' do?
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ONLY breaks down starch/carbohydrates
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What do the salivary glands secrete, and where do they secrete?
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"1. Saliva
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Saliva contains a substance that acts as an antibiotic. What is it?
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Lysozyme
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Saliva secretion is stimulated by 3 things. What are they?
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"1. Taste
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What is the daily amount of saliva secretion?
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800-1500 ml
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What is the pH of saliva?
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7-Jun
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What is the percentage of H2O and solutes in saliva?
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"H2O = 99.5%
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The salivary glands are under sympathetic control."
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"FALSE
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There are 3 paired glands involved in saliva secretion. What are the 3 paired glands?
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"1. Large parotid
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Which two salivary glands secrete both serous and mucous enzymes?
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"1. Submandibular gland
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What salivary gland secretes only serous fluid-enzymes?
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Large Parotid
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What are the characteristics of 'mumps'?
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Viral disease of the parotid salivary gland
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What are the characteristics of 'parotitis' disease?
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Inflammation of parotid gland
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What are the characteristics of 'ptyalocele' disease?
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Cystic tumor of a salivary gland
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How many taste buds do humans have? How many taste cells are there per bud?
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"4000 Taste buds
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What type of receptors are involved in taste?
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Chemoreceptors
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The esophagus is a 'thin' muscular tube that moves food from the ________ to the _______.
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Pharynx to the Stomach
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How long is the 'esophagus'?
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10-12 inches long
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Where is the 'esophagus' located behind?
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the trachea
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The lower end of the esophagus has a sphincter that is called by two names. What are they?
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"1. Cardiac sphincter
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The esophageal sphincters prevent what from entering into the esophagus?
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Stomach acid
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What are some of the characteristics of 'heartburn'?
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"Regurgitation of gastric contents into esophagus
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What is the definition of 'achalasia'?
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Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) fails to relax.
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Someone with 'achalasia' will have which of the following symptoms? (There are 4 of them)
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"1. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
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What are the characteristics of 'angina'?
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Painful constriction or tightness somewhere in the body
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What are some of the causes of 'achalasia'? (There are 3 of them)
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"1. Abnormal parasympathetic stimulation
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What are some of the management solutions for possible 'achalasia'?
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"Ruling out possible heart problems
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What is the scientific name for an esophageal tumor and what are the characteristics of them?
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"Carcinoma
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What does 'nitroglycerin' do?
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Causes smooth muscle to relax
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'Nitroglycerin' can help two specific disorders. What conditions are they?
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"1. Angina (Problem w/heart)
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Having a Hiatal Hernia has four common characteristics. What are they?
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"1. Dysphagia (difficult swallowing)
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How long does it take the stomach to empty into the small intestines after eating a meal?
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2-4 Hours
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Why does very little absorption take places in the stomach?
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Because tight junctions between epithelial cells line the stomach.
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Which 3 substances are very common in the absorption in the stomach?
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"1. Aspirin
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What functions do the 'parietal cells' in the stomach have?
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"1. Secrete HCl
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HCl that is secreted from parietal cells have what function in the stomach?
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"Kills bacteria in food
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'Intrinsic factor' that is secreted from parietal cells in the stomach have what function?
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"Allows ileum of small intestine to absorb 'VITAMIN B12'.
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What functions do the 'mucus cells' in the stomach have?
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"Secrete mucus
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What functions do the 'zymogenic cells' (chief cells) in the stomach have?
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"Secrete pepsinogen
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What does the 'pepsin' enzyme do?
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Digests proteins
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Zymogenic cells are also called what kind of cells?
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Chief cells
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What are some of the characteristics of 'pyloric stenosis'?
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"Narrowing of pyloric sphincter
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What is the main treatment for 'pyloric stenosis'?
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"A 'pyloromyotomy'.
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What are all ulcers usually generally called?
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Peptic ulcers
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Peptic ulcers are usually caused when the stomach, esophagus or duodenum is attacked and digested by what TWO enzymes?
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"1. HCl
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Where does a gastric ulcer occur?
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Stomach
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Where does a duodenal ulcer occur?
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First part of the small intestine (Duodenum)
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Where does a esophageal ulcer?
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Lower part of the esophagus
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There are 7 causes for peptic ulcers. What are some of them?
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"1. Stress
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Approximately what percentage of the population has peptic ulcers?
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10%
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How are peptic ulcers usually treated?
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"Diet/drugs
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What drug helps ulcers by blocking H2 receptors in the stomach thus decreasing secretion of HCl?
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Tagamet (#1 drug for over 10 yeras)
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__% of all peptic ulcers are caused by ___________ ______?
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"1. 80%
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In order to kill H. Pylori, what treatment is usually necessary?
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3 different antibiotics taken 3 times a day
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__% patients who are infected with H. Pylori will develop an ulcer in their lifetime.
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20%
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How does vomiting occur?
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"The relaxation of the cardiac sphincter
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Vomiting may be caused by 6 different things, what are some of them?
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"1. Toxic food
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Vomiting is considered to be a _______ mechanism that does what?
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"1. Defense mechanism
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What is the 'small' intestine called small?
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Because of the 'diameter'
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How long is the small intestine?
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20 feet
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What are the characteristics of intestinal juice? (Color/Amount/pH)
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"1. Color = CLEAR
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What percetage of digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine?
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90%
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What are the glands that secrete mucs to protect the small intestine from gastric juice?
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Brunner's Glands
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The small intestine is separated into three different division, what are the three divisions and how long is each one?
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"1. Duodenum (10-12 inches)
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Which division of the small intestine dumps into the large intestine?
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Ileum
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What are the 3 enzymes and what food material do they digest?"
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"1. Peptidase - PROTEINS
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Small intestine receives external secretions from 2 other accessory organs. What are the 2 accessory organs?
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"1. Pancreas
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What is the large intestine also known as?
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Colon
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The large intestine is divided structurally into 3 parts. What are the 3 parts?
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"1. Cecum
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What is the function of the ileocecal valve in the large intestine?
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Prevent backflow to the ileum (small intestine)
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The colon (large intestine) is separated into 4 sections. What are the 4 sections?
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"1. Ascending colon
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Where is the appendix located and what is it attached to?
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"Located in the large intestine
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What are the 3 functions of the large intestine?
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"1. Absorption of water/electrolytes
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What is diarrhea?
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"Intestinal wall becomes irritated and peristalsis increases
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What are the 2 major causes of diarrhea?
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"1. Infection of lower GI tract
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Laxatives should be used whenever needed. The body can not become dependent on laxatives."
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"FALSE
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Constipation usually results from a diet that lacks what 2 things?
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"1. Water
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This helps provide increased regularity and MAY also help protect the body from colon cancer.
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Fiber
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There are 4 major types of laxatives. What are the 4 major types and what are some examples of the types?
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"1. Bulk Laxatives - Bran/Fiber
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The appendix does not function in humans is prone to infection. In other animals what is it's function?
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Home for bacteria that digest cellulose
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What are some of the symptoms of appendicitis?
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"1. Severe pain in the right abdominal region
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If appendicitis is left untreated, what might occur?
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Appendix may burst and cause infection to spread (Gut to Ab cavity)
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What is 'peritonitis'?
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When the appendix bursts and causes infection to spread from gut to lining of ab cavity
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Irritable bowel syndrome is also often called __________.
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Spastic colitis
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What are the characteristics and causes of 'Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)'?
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"1. Abdominal discomfort
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What is a colostomy?
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Surgical procedure in which an abdominal exit is made for the colon. *(Colon bypass or 'bag')
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What is dysentery?
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Inflammation of intestinal mucosa with bleeding and mucus discharge with the stools.
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Lipase breaks down fasts into what?
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Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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The largest 'gland' of the body is the ______ weighing in at about __ pounds.
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"1. Liver
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The liver is composed of lobules that contain what type of cells? What do these cells produce?
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"1. Hepatocytes
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What is the purpose of bile. How does it work?
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"Necessary for emulsification/digestion of fats
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There are 8 functions of the LIVER. What are they?
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"1. Bile production
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What 3 common proteins are synthesized in the liver?
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"1. Albumin
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What are the characteristics of 'Cirrhosis'. What may cause this disease?
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"Normal liver epithelium is replaced by connective tissue causing blockage of sinusoids
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What are the characteristics of 'Hepatitis'?
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Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, protozoa and bacteria.
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There are two types of Hepatitis. What are they?
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"1. Hepatitis Infectious (A)
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What are the characteristics of 'Jaundice'? What causes this disease?
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"Yellowish coloration of the skin and mucous membranes.
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What are some of the functions and characteristics of the gallbladder?
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"Sac-like organ attached to common bile duct that sits under the liver.
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How much bile does the 'liver' secrete a day?
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600-1000 bile ml/day
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How much bile can the 'gallbladder' store? How concentrated is the bile stored here compared to that of the liver?
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"1. Storage = 30-70 ml
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How is bile regulated? (There are 3 steps)
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"1. Fat/Partially digested proteins in S.I. (small intestine) tract causes release of CCK (cholecystokinin)
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Where is 'cholecystokinin' (CCK) released from?
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Intestinal mucosa
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How are gallstones formed?
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Precipitation of substances contained in bile (cholesterol/bilirubin)
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What are the two major substances contained in bile?
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"Cholesterol
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There are 3 factors which cause cholesterol to become hyperconcentrated in the bile which causes gallstones. What are the 3 factors?
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"1. Stasis of bile (too much absorption of water)
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Gallstones occur in about __% of the population.
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20%
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There are 4 factors that cause gallstones to be more common in the people, what are the 4 factors?
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"1. Obesity
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What will happen is gallstones move into the bile duct?
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"Block flow of bile into the small intestines
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What is the major mixed gland (endocrine/exocrine) of the body?
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Pancreas
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What are some characteristics and functions of the pancreas
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"Attached to the duodenum
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How much fluid does the pancreas release each day? What is the pH of the fluid?
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"1200-1500 ml/day of fluid
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The pancreas secretes 4 digestive enzymes. What are they?
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"1. Amylase
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What is the function of 'amylase'?
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Hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into disaccharides
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What is the function of 'lipase'?
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Converts fats into fatty acids and monoglycerols
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(Trypsin/Chymotripsin/Carboxypeptidase)"
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Convert proteins or partially digested proteins into amino acids
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What is the functions of 'bicarbonate'? (There are two of them)
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"Neutralizes acid in the stomach
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What is 'Acute Pancreatitis'?
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"Damaged pancreas that builds a pool of secretions in damaged areas
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In 'Gastro-Intestinal Tract Regulation', there are 2 controls that regulate gastric secretion. What are the 2 controls?
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"1. Nervous Control
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In 'Nervous Control' regulation of gastric secretion, there is one factor that regulates secretion. What is it and what three things does it cause to happen?
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"Increased parasympathetic activity (vagus nerve)
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Where is gastrin released?
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From the 'G cells' (enteroendocrine cells) from the walls of the stomach
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What are the 4 factors that will stimulate secretion of gastrin from the 'Hormonal Control' system in G.I. tract regulation?
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"1. Food entering the stomach
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Gastrin causes 2 bodily functions to increase. What are they?
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"1. Increased gastric juice secretion
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What are the two hormones that help regulate pancreatic secretions?
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"1. Secretin
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What are some of the characteristics of the 'Secretin' hormone? (There are 5 of them)
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"1. Secreted from 'S' cells when pH drops in duodenum
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What are some of the characteristics of the 'Cholecystiokinin (CCK)' hormone? (
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"1. Released from 'I' cells in the duodenal/upper jejunal mucosa when proteins/fats/fatty acids enter the S.I.
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What are the effects of 'Acetylcholine' (ACh) on the regulation of pancreatic secretions? (There are 2 of them)
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"1. Released from parasympathetic system
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What are the digestive enzymes that are PRODUCED in the 'pancreas'?(There are 5 of them)
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"1. Amylase
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What are the digestive enzymes that are PRODUCED in the 'intestinal glands'? (There are 6 of them)
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"1. Maltase
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What is the digestive enzyme that is PRODUCED in the 'salivary gland'? (*Hint - This is also produced in the pancreas)
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Amylase
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What is the digestive enzyme that is PRODUCED in the 'Gastric glands' and functions in the stomach?
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Pepsin
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What is the digestive enzyme that is PRODUCED in the 'Liver'?
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Bile
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What is the digestive enzyme that is PRODUCED in the 'Small Intestine'? (*Hint - This is also produced in the pancreas)
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Lipase
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What are the 4 digestive enzymes that interact with 'CARBOHYDRATES'?
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"1. Amylase
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What are the 7 digestive enzymes that interact with 'PROTEINS'?
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"1. Pepsin
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What are the 2 digestive enzymes that interact with 'LIPIDS'?
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"1. Bile
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What is the function of 'enterokinase'?
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"Digestive Enzyme for Proteins
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There are 2 digestive enzymes that do not function in the small intestine. What are they, their functions and where are they produced?
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"1. Amylase - Produced in the salivary glands, functions in the mouth and hydrolyzes starch to maltose.
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What is the function of 'lactase'?
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Hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose
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What is the function of 'maltase'?
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Hydrolyzes maltose to 2 glucoses
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What is the function of 'sucrase'?
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Hydrolyzes sucrose to glucose and fructose
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What is the function of 'amylase'?
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Hydrolyzes starch to maltose
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What are the functions of 'trypsin'? (*There are 2 of them)
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"Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds.
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What are the common functions of the 'PROTEIN' digestive enzymes?
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Hydrolyze specific peptide bonds
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Metabolism is usually described by 2 processes. What are the 2 processes?
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"1. Anabolism
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What is 'anabolism'?
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"Construction of complex molecules from simple building blocks (Amino acids to Complex protein)
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What is 'catabolism'?
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"Breaking 'down' process
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What is the definition of 'digestion'?
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Consumed food is broken down into small pieces to be absorbed into the blood stream
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There are 3 main types that food can be broken down into?
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"1. Proteins (Amino Acids a.a.)
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All three classes of nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) can be used to provide cellular energy and generally CAN be interconverted."
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"TRUE
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What will happen is a person does not eat hardly any fat? How will their body create cellular energy?
|
The body will make fat from carboyhydrates and protein and use that to provide cellular energy
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These 3 type of nutrients cannot be formed or interconverted, they must be ingested. What are they?
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"1. Essential amino acids
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There are only 3 major sources of carbohydrates that exist in the normal diet. What are they?
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"1. Sucrose (Cane Sugar)
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___________ are the body's major source of energy.
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Carbohydrates
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When carbohydrates get low, what does the body use as secondary or supplementary fuel?
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Fats and Proteins
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Nervous tissue can only utilize what as an energy source.
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Glucose
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What is the process of taking a fat to the final product in the digestive system? What is the final product?
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"Fat w/ Bile = Fat Globules
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When proteins are digested they form amino acids. How is this process performed?
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Proteins -> Polypeptides -> Small polypeptides and amino acids -> Amino acids
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Absorption of food materials from the gut into the body occurs via 2 methods of transport. What are the two methods?
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"1. Active Transport
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ALL electrolytes are easily absorbed and do not require active transport."
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"FALSE:
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What hormone will greatly increase the rate of transport of glucose into most cells?
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Insulin
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After transport into the cells, glucose can be used IMMEDIATELY for the release of energy to cells or be stored in the form of glycogen."
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"TRUE
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What is the process of making glycogen from glucose?
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Glycogenesis
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What is the process of breaking down glycogen to glucose?
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Glycogenolysis
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When the body breaks down one molecule of glucose, what does it turn into? (3 Things)
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"1. Carbon Dioxide
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What are the two main processes in making energy (ATP)?
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"1. Glycolysis
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Cell Respiration is broken down into 3 sub-processes. What are the 3 sub-processes?
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"1. Pyruvate Decarboxylation
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What is 'glycolosis'?
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Splitting of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
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How much ATP is formed from 'glycolysis'?
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2 ATP
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If not enough oxygen is available, what happens to cell respiration?
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Cannot go beyond glycolysis
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Under 'anaerobic' conditions, cell respiration can occur and more then 2 ATP's are formed."
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"FALSE:
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What is the 'net result' of the 'Krebs Cycle' for each molecule of glucose?
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"Release of 16 Hydrogen atoms
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What is the 'net result' of the 'Electron Transport Chain' for each molecule of glucose?
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32 ATP
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What is the total amount of ATP produced in Glucose Catabolism? (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain)?
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36 ATP
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There is a __% efficiency of energy transferred and stored as ATP. The remaining __% is released as heat and not used for cellular function.
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"1. 66% Efficiency of Energy
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What percentage of the calories in our diet are derived from fats?
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40-45%
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What is the average percentage of carbohydrates that are converted into fatty acids and stored for energy usage later?
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20-50%
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Proteins (amino acids) cannot be converted into acetyl CoA."
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"FALSE:
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How much saliva is each of the three salivary glands responsible for secreting?
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"Paratid: 20%
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True or false: All three sets of salivary glands produce mucous.
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FALSE! All three sets produce serous fluid enzyme, but on the submandibular and sublingual produce mucous.
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Where are the parotid glands located?
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In front of the ear between the skin and masseter muscle
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Where are the submandibular glands located?
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Midway along the inner side of the jaw
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Where is the sublingual gland located?
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Under the mucosa in the floor of the mouth
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There is a sphincter on each end of the stomach. One is highly developed and the other is not. Which is not very well developed and thus doesn't regulate effectively?
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The lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) is not well developed, whereas the pyloric sphincter is very highly developed.
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What is a hiatal hernia?
|
the protrusion (herniation) of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm and into the thorax
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Sweat?"
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"Gastric Juice- 1.9-2.6
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Pancreatic juice?"
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"Saliva- 6.4
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What takes place during pyruvate decarboxylation?
|
The two pyruvic acid molecules are converted into two molecules of acetyl coenyzme A
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Protein in first chemically broken down in what?
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STOMACH
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4. Aspirin"
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4. ASPIRIN
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Mumps is what?
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A viral disease of the parotid 'salivary' glands
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What is the pH of 'INTESTINAL JUICE'?
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pH = 7.6
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4. Carboxypeptidase"
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3. PEPSIN
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Gastrin is released by the ___________ cells in the stomach.
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G CELLS
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Secretin is released by the _________ and acts on the _________.
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"1. SMALL INTESTINE
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Glycogenolysis is what?
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Breaking down GLYCOGEN to GLUCOSE.
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The process of converting two pyruvic acid molecules into 2 molecules of acetyl CoA is known as what?
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PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLATION
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Which hormone is utilized when blood glucose levels DROP?
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GLUCAGON
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