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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the tongue in the mechanical movement of food?
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it manipulates food in the mouth for mastication (chewing) and positioning for swallowing.
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What is the scientific name for chewing?
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mastication
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What is the primary organ of taste?
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tongue
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Approximately how many taste buds are found on the human tongue?
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between 2,000 and 8,000
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What are the five tastes that can be detected by taste buds on the tongue?
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salty, sour, bitter, sweet, savory
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What is another word for the digestive tract?
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alimentary canal
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What is the reason for mechanical digestion in the form of crushing, grinding, and churning of food?
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Mechanical digestion increases the surface area for the action of digestive enzymes.
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What is the major muscle involved in chewing of food?
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masseter
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Name the two salivary glands that are located below the level of the tongue.
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sublingual & submandibular
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What salivary gland is located in front of the each ear?
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parotid
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What is the name of the tube that carries the secretions of the parotid salivary gland to the mouth at the level of the maxilla?
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parotid duct
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What are the salivary glands considered exocrine glands?
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because they have ducts to carry their secretions to the target area
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The digestive tract is composed of five layers surrounding the lumen; what are they?
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1. serosa
2. longitudinal muscle 3. circular muscle 4. submucosa 5. mucosa |
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Which of the five layers of the digestive tract lies closest to the lumen of the tract?
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mucosal layer
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Which of the five layers of the digestive tract contains connective tissue it which is found blood vessels and lymph nodes?
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submucosal layer, located between the mucosal and muscularis.
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What two muscles make up the muscularis of the digestive tract?
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circular and longitudinal muscles
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The muscularis layer of the digestive tract is in between which two layers?
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serosa (outer layer of tract) and the submucosa
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What is the thin layer of epithelial cells called that makes up the outer surface of the digestive tract?
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serosa
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What critical functions does the outer layer of the digestive tract (serosa) perform?
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1. Secretion of fluids to keep the outer intestinal surface moist
2. Prevent abdominal organs from causing friction by this lubrication |
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What anatomical structure makes up the roof of the mouth?
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palate
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What is the soft palate, and where is it located?
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The soft palate is posterior to the palate and is made of skeletal muscles which ends in the fleshy uvula.
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When one stands in front of a mirror and opens the mouth and looks inside, what is the structure called that hangs down in the back of the throat?
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uvula
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What are the two areas of lymphoid tissue at the rear of the mouth on each side of the uvula?
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tonsils
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What is the function of the tongue?
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The tongue, covered with taste buds, is skeletal muscle that forms food into boli for swallowing?
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What is the plural form of the word "bolus."
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boli
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What is the function of tonsils?
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This area of lymphoid tissue at the rear of the mouth helps to prevent infections.
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Which area of the human tongue has the fewest taste buds?
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center
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Name the four types of teeth in the human mouth.
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1. incisors
2. canine 3. premolar 4. molar |
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What is another name for the canine teeth?
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cuspids
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What is another name for the premolar teeth?
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bicuspids
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Which teeth are tricuspid?
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molars
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Children have how many teeth emerging around two years of age?
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20
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How many teeth do adult humans have?
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32
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What is the dentition formula of the upper jaw of an adult human? Remember, a dentition formula only shows 1/2 of a jaw.
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2-1-2-3
This formula represent, 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, and 6 molars |
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What is the dentition formula of the lower jaw of an adult human? Remember, a dentition formula only shows 1/2 of a jaw.
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2-1-2-3
This formula represent, 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, and 6 molars |
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What is the part of the tooth found above the gum-line called?
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crown
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Of what two substances is the enamel of teeth composed?
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calcium and phosphate
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What substance is found directly beneath the enamel of a tooth?
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dentin
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What is found inside the dentin of a tooth?
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the pulp cavity
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What is found in the pulp cavity of a tooth?
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nerves and blood vessels
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What is located between the bone and enamel of a tooth below the gum line?
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periodontal membrane
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Teeth are set in sockets in the bone that are lined with what?
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periodontal membranes
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What is the function of periodontal membranes?
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They anchor the tooth in its bony socket.
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What is the correct medical term for a cavity?
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caries
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Untreated caries may affect surrounding gum tissue and cause what kind of inflammation?
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gingivitis (inflammation of the gums)
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What structure prevents food from entering the respiratory system?
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epiglottis
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What are the wave-like contractions called that moves food along the digestive tract?
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peristalsis
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What are sphincters?
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band-like muscles, the opening and closing of which regulates the passage of materials from one part of the digestive tract to another
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What is the name of the sphincter found at the esophagus/stomach junction?
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gastroesophageal sphincter
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What is the function of the gastroesophageal sphincter?
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It prevents acids from the stomach from entering back into the esophagus.
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The stomach is primarily a storage organ with some digestion occurring. No food is absorbed in the stomach, with the exception of 3 substances - what are they?
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Caffeine, aspirin, and alcohol
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The churning of the stomach via peristaltic waves causes the formation of a paste-like product called what?
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chyme
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What is chyme?
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partially digested food combined with gastric secretions
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What is the sphincter muscle located between the stomach and small intestine?
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pyloric sphincter
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Acidic chyme is neutralized by alkaline secretions from what organ?
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pancreas
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What acid is secreted by the gastric mucosa?
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hydrochloric acid
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What is the lining of the stomach called?
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gastric mucosa
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What are the two primary functions of the HCl produced by the gastric mucosa?
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breakdown the connective tissue of meat, and kill bacteria entering with food
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What enzyme precursor is modified by HCl to form the enzyme pepsin?
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pepsinogen
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The gastric mucosa secretes two substances - what are they?
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Pepsinogen and HCl (hydrochloric acid)
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What is formed if the HCl acid from the stomach overwhelms the gastric mucosa and begins to digest the stomach?
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a peptic ulcer
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What bacteria is the most likely cause for peptic ulcer?
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Helicobacter pylori (both words should be underlined because they are genus and species names - this program does not allow underlining)
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About how many feet long is the small intestine?
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Approximately 20 feet (6 m)
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What are the three regions of the small intestine?
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duodenum, jéjunum, ileum
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Approximately how long is the duodenum?
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about 10" (0.25 m)
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Approximately how long is the jejunum?
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8.2 feet (2.5 m)
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Approximately how long is the ileum?
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11.5 feet (3.5 m)
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The inner wall of the small intestine has finger-like projections called what?
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villi
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What is the purpose of the vilii in the small intestine?
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It increases the surface area to volume ratio.
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What would you call the empty space in the enter of the digestive tract?
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lumen
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What two structures are found at the center of a villus?
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capillaries and a lacteal
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What is a lacteal?
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a lymph capillary found in the villus of the small intestine
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Digestive enzymes break proteins down into what monomers?
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amino acids
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Digestive enzymes break complex carbohydrates down into what monomers?
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monosaccharides
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Digestive enzymes break lipids (fats) down into what monomers?
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glycerol and fatty acids
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What substances regulate the secretion of digestive juices?
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hormones
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After eating, the stomach produces what hormone to stimulate the formation of gastric juices?
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gastrin
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The duodenum secretes two substances; what are they?
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secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
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What substance produced by the gastric mucosa stimulates the release of secretin hormone?
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HCl
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What are the four regions of the large intestine?
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1. cecum
2. colon 3. rectum 4. anus |
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What is another name for the large intestine?
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colon
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Approximately how long is the large intestine?
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5 feet (1.5 m)
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Where is the home of E. coli bacteria? (Note: both "E" and "coli" should be underlined because they are genus and species names)
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colon
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What is the main function of the colon?
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Absorb water, salts, and some vitamins
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The appendix projects from what part of the colon?
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caecum
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What is the beginning of the large intestine called?
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caecum
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Name the three segments of the large intestine based on direction of flow.
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ascending, transverse, descending
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What is the distinction between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?
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Diverticulosis is the formation of small pockets in the wall of the colon what can trap feces and become infected. This can lead to a painful swelling of the colon called diverticulitis.
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What are three things that can be done to prevent constipation?
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exercise, increase dietary fiber, drink water
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What is the distinction between constipation and diarrhea?
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Constipation results in hard, dry stools, and diarrhea produces loose, watery stools.
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What is the most common causes of diarrhea?
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mild viral infection, or bacteria, or parasites found in food and water
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What three organs outside the digestive tract supply substances needed for digestion?
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liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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What organ produces bile?
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liver
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Bile contains what pigment?
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bilirubin
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Where does bilirubin come from?
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It is a product of hemoglobin breakdown.
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Bile salts are need for what?
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emulsification of fats
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Why are fats emulsified during the digestive process?
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to prevent fats from clumping and provide more surface area for enzyme action
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Bile salts are need for what?
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emulsification of fats
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What are the pebble-like substances formed in the gall bladder than can clog ductwork leading from the liver?
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gallstones
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Why are fats emulsified during the digestive process?
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to prevent fats from clumping and provide more surface area for enzyme action
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Name three enzymes secreted by the pancreas to aid in digestion.
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1. pancreatic amylase (starch breakdown)
2. lipase (lipid metabolism) 3. trypsin (protein metabolism) |
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Name three enzymes secreted by the pancreas to aid in digestion.
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1. pancreatic amylase (starch breakdown)
2. lipase (lipid metabolism) 3. trypsin (protein metabolism) |
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What is another name for the oral cavity?
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buccal
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Sometimes, a child is born with an incomplete hard palate. What is this correctible condition called?
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cleft palate
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What is another name for the adenoids?
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nasopharyngeal tonsils
(Back in the 1940's through the 1950's tonsillectomy (removal of tonsils) was the vogue surgery. If a child got a sore throat it was almost |
