Digestive System

Front 1

Submucosal lining

Back 1

Loose connective tissue; carries blood and lymph vessels; has neurons

Front 2

Layers of smooth muscle in the stomach

Back 2

Muscularis externa

Front 3

Names of the three smooth muscle layers in the stomach

Back 3

Longitudinal, circular, and oblique

Front 4

Serosa

Back 4

Membrane that covers external surface of GI tract; reduces friction

Front 5

Chyme is made up of

Back 5

Gastric juice and digested food

Front 6

Parietal cells secrete

Back 6

Intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

Front 7

Chief cells secrete

Back 7

pepsinogen

Front 8

Mucous neck cells secrete

Back 8

a thin mucous layer

Front 9

3 functions of HCl

Back 9

(1) pepsin synthesis and activity, (2) breaking down cell walls of plant foods, and (3) killing bacteria

Front 10

Pepsin digests

Back 10

proteins

Front 11

Gastric juice consists of

Back 11

Mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen

Front 12

G cells are what type of cell

Back 12

Enteroendocrine cells

Front 13

G cells bind to _____ to stimulate secretion of HCl

Back 13

Receptors on the parietal cells

Front 14

Hormones that inhibit gastric secretion

Back 14

Secretin, VIP, CCK

Front 15

How fast do peristaltic waves move?

Back 15

3 per minute

Front 16

______ collects bile from the liver and connects to a duct from the gall bladder to form the common bile duct.

Back 16

Hepatic duct

Front 17

The _____ is created by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct

Back 17

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Front 18

These assist in digestion of carbs and proteins in the small intestne

Back 18

Brush border enzymes

Front 19

Liver cells are also known as...

Back 19

Hepatocytes

Front 20

How are hepatocytes arranged?

Back 20

In plates radiating outward from a central vein.

Front 21

Bile is..

Back 21

an alkaline solution that neutralizes the acidic chyme in the duodenum

Front 22

These are cholesterol derivatives that assist in emulsifying fats in the duodenum and in digestion and absorption of fat and cholesterol

Back 22

Bile salts

Front 23

Bile salts are made of these 4 things

Back 23

Bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, and phospholipids

Front 24

Gallstones are caused by

Back 24

cholesterol crystallization, which is caused by too much cholesterol or too few bile salts

Front 25

This stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions

Back 25

Gallbladder

Front 26

All absorbed nutrients pass through the ________ on their way to the heart

Front 27

The liver stores these 4 things

Back 27

glucose (as glycogen), vitamins, fats, iron

Front 28

The liver synthesizes mainly __________

Back 28

plasma proteins

Front 29

The 5 functions of the liver are

Back 29

bile production, storage, nutrient conversion, synthesis, and defense/detoxification

Front 30

Cirrhosis is caused by

Back 30

alcoholism and chronic hepatitis

Front 31

This is characterized by replacement of hepatocytes by connective tissue

Back 31

Cirrhosis

Front 32

Clusters of secretory cells in the pancreas are called

Back 32

Acini

Front 33

Enzymes that are released in inactive form and activated in the duodenum are called

Back 33

Proteolytic enzymes

Front 34

This enzyme is stimulated by acidic chyme

Back 34

Secretin

Front 35

This enzyme increases output of bicarbonate ions in the pancreas

Back 35

Secretin

Front 36

This hormone is stimulated by fatty chyme

Back 36

CCK

Front 37

This hormone increases output of pancreatic juice

Back 37

CCK

Front 38

This hormone increases release of bile by controlling the sphincter and gallbladder

Back 38

CCK

Front 39

Protein is broken down into large polypeptides by

Back 39

Pepsin

Front 40

Protein is broken down into large polypeptides in the

Back 40

stomach

Front 41

Large polypeptides are broken down into small polypeptides and peptides in the

Back 41

small intestine

Front 42

Large polypeptides are broken down into small polypeptides and peptides by

Back 42

pancreatic enzymes

Front 43

Proteins are broken down into large polypeptides by pepsin in the presence of

Back 43

HCl

Front 44

Small polypeptides and peptides are broken down into amino acids in the

Back 44

small intestine

Front 45

Small polypeptides and peptides are broken down into amino acids and some dipeptides and tripeptides by

Back 45

brush border enzymes

Front 46

This is an integral membrane protein that is involved in movement of two or more different molecules or ions across a phospholipid membrane in the same direction

Back 46

Symporter

Front 47

Amino are absorbed via cotransport with _____

Back 47

sodium ions

Front 48

After proteins are absorbed, they are ...

Back 48

used for protein synthesis or as an energy source

Front 49

Proteins are stored as

Back 49

glycogen or fat

Front 50

Starch and glycogen are broken down into oligosaccharides and disaccharides by

Back 50

salivary and pancreatic amylases

Front 51

Starch and glycogen are broken down into oligosaccharides and disaccharides in the

Back 51

small intestine and mouth

Front 52

Oligosaccharides and disaccharides are broken down into di/monosaccharides by

Back 52

brush border enzymes

Front 53

Oligosaccharides and disaccharides are broken down into di/monosaccharides by

Back 53

small intestine

Front 54

Glucose and galactose exit the epithelia via

Back 54

cotransport with sodium ions

Front 55

Fructose exits the epithelia via

Back 55

facilitated diffusion with a different cotransporter

Front 56

Liver converts _____ to _____ for energy

Back 56

fructose and galactose to glucose

Front 57

Unemulsified fats are emulsified into monoglycerides, glycerol, and fatty acids by

Back 57

the detergent action of bile salts

Front 58

Unemulsified fats are emulsified into monoglycerides, glycerol, and fatty acids in the

Back 58

small intestine

Front 59

Triglycerides are made up of

Back 59

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Front 60

Unemulsified fats are emulsified into monoglycerides, glycerol, and fatty acids by

Back 60

pancreatic lipase

Front 61

Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cells via

Back 61

diffusion

Front 62

When they reach the blood, lipids are transported as

Back 62

lipoproteins