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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the sequence for a piece of food?
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Mouth, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
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Name 3 accessory organs to the digestive system.
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Liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
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What is the 'chemical processing plant' of the digestive system?
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The liver
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Name 4 main functions of the liver:
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1. Sugar storage
2. Protein synthesis 3. Detoxification 4. Recycling red blood cells into bile |
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What specific components gives the liver its great power of regeneration?
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The hepatocytes
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What are the 2 components of the liver's high blood supply?
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The hepatic artery and the portal vein
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What are the 3 functions of the gall bladder?
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1. Receives, stores and concentrates bile
2. Releases bile into the duodenum 3.Emulsifies fat |
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What are the 2 types of pancreas glands?
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Exocrine and endocrine
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1 unusual fact about the pancreas?
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It can auto-digest itself if ducts are blocked.
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What is the primary function of the pancreas?
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Creating digestive juices and generating bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chime.
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What are the 3 functions of the digestive system?
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1.Digestion
2. Absorption 3. Elimination |
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Why does food have to be digested before cells can use it?
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Too big to be absorbed
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What are the 4 layers of the wall of the digestive tract?
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1.Mucous membrane
2. Submucousa 3.Smooth muscle 4. Serous membrane |
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What are the 2 functions of the 'mucous membrane' layer?
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1. Digestive juice-secreting cells
2. Mucous-secreting cells |
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What are the 2 functions of the 'sub mucosa' layer?
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1. Connective tissue
2. Contains blood vessels and nerves that help regulate digestion |
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What are the 2 components of the 'smooth muscle' layer?
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1. Inner layer - circular
2. Outer layer - longitudinal |
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What are the 2 components of the 'serous membrane' layer?
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1. Epithelium
2. Loose connective tissue |
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What is the function of the outermost layer of the wall of the digestive tract and what is it called?
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Muscle contraction to move food along the tract.
Peristalsis |
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There are 2 abdominopelvic cavities. What are their names and areas they cover?
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The greater peritoneal cavity covers stomach cavity.
The lesser peritoneal cavity covers the liver and the back attachments of the diaphragm |
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What is the name of the large serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs it contains?
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The peritoneum
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What makes up the outermost layer of the digestive tract?
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The serous membrane.
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What are the components of the GI tract?
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Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
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What does GI short for?
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Gastro-Intestinal
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How does the mouth process food? Name 4 ways.
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1. Ingestion
2. Mastication 3. Mix with saliva 4. Deglutition |
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How many adult teeth are there available for mastication?
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32
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What is another word for swallowing?
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Deglutition
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What is another word for 'throat' and and its 6 components?
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Pharynx
1. Oropharynx 2. Nasopharynx 3. Laryngeal pharynx 4. Soft palate 5. Uvula 6. Epiglottis |
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What structure guards the entrance to the trachea during swallowing?
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The epiglottis
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What are the folds in the stomach called?
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Rugae
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What are the two stomach sphincters called? What do they do?
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The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the pyloric sphincter.
The LES keeps food/gastric juices from going back up. The pyloric keeps food from going into the small intestine |
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What is 'chyme'?
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Highly acidic mixture of gastric juice and food leaves stomach for the small intestine
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Name the 3 sections of the Small Intestine.
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1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum 3. Ileum |
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What are the 3 functions of the Small Intestine?
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1. Secrete mucus
2. Secrete enzymes 3. Absorb food |
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Name 4 components of the Small Intestine?
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1. Villi
2. Microvilli 3. Blood vessels 4.Lacteals - lymphatic capillaries |
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Name the 5 portions of the Large Intestine.
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1. Cecum
2. Colon 3. Rectum 4. Anal canal 5. Anus |
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What are the 4 portions of the 'colon'?
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1. Ascending
2. Transverse 3. Descending 4. Sigmoid |
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What are the 4 functions of the Large Intestine?
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1. Secrete mucus
2. Reabsorb water 3. Form stool 4. Defecation |
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Where do most accessory organs release secretions?
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Duodenum
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Where to the salivary glands release secretion?
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The mouth
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What are the names of the 3 salivary glands?
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1. Parotid glands
2. Sub-mandibular 3. Sub-lingual |
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Name the 4 structures of the liver.
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Left and right lobes, the portal vein and the hepatic artery.
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What kind of off-the-counter- medication causes issues with the liver?
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Ibuprofin
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The Liver stores ......and converts it to .....?
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Glycogen and glucose
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The Liver synthesizes ....?
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Urea
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The Liver stores ..... and ....?
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Vitamins and iron.
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What is a stomach condition that could affect vegitarians and why?
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'Hypoacidic'. because vegetarians do not eat as many complex proteins which take longer to digest.
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What is the role of 'bile' in digestion?
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To emulsify fat.
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What does the pancreas do that is important for diabetic patients?
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Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate sugar metabolism.
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Enzymes are not used up in digestive process. TRUE or FALSE?
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True
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Do enzymes speed up or slow down chemical reactions in the digestive processes?
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Speed up
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Are enzymes very general or highly specific in their actions?
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Very specific
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Name two fruits high in good enzymes.
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Pineapple and papaya.
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Water is very important for the digestive process because ....? 3 reasons
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1. Produce digestive juices
2. Dilute food 3. Aid in chemical process |
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What is 'absorption'?
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When nutrients go into blood or lymph
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Where does 'absorption' take place in the digestive system?
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By villi in the mucosa of the small intestine.
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What do 'capillaries' absorb? 5 things
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Small proteins, simple sugars and fatty acids, amino acids and water.
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What organ produces 'chyme'?
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The stomach
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What is another name for lymph/fat mixture and where does it go?
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Chyle, merges with lymphatic circulation. Then it enters blood veins near heart.
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When vitamins and minerals are dissolved in water they are absorbed ..... ?
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Directly into the blood
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When vitamins and minerals are incorporated into fats they are absorbed ..... ?
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With fats
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When vitamins and minerals are produced with bacterial action they are absorbed ..... ?
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In large intestine
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What portion of the brain regulates hunger?
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Hypothalmus
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What is the hormone connected with causing an appetite?
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Leptin
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Name two kinds of metabolism.
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Catabolism - breakdown of complex compounds
Anabolism - building simple compounds |
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Basal Metabolic rate is what?
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Rate of body's energy output at rest measured on kilocalories
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What 5 factors that influence metabolic rate.
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Age, gender, body surface, hormones and stress.
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What is the main energy source for cells?
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Glucose
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What is meant when an amino or fatty acid is essential?
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The body cannot make it from other nutrients but it must be taken in diet.
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Where are glucose reserves stored?
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In the liver and muscle cells.
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How many primary amino acids are there and how many of them must be eaten?
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22 and 9
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1. Carbohydrates break down into.....
2. Proteins break down into...... 3. Lipids break down into .... and .... |
1. Glucose
2. Amino Acids 3. Fatty acids and glycerol |
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Name two essential fatty acids.
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Linoleic and linolenic
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What is the normal blood glucose range?
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85 -125 mg/dl
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Proteins are not stored in the body. TRUE or FALSE?
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True
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What organs in the body suffer with too much protein?
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Kidneys and liver.
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What are the most abundant lipids?
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Triglycerides
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Saturated fat is ..... at room temperature? Heart healthy or not?
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Solid; not
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Unsaturated fat is ... at room temperature and heart healthy or not?
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Liquid and heart healthy
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Trans-fatty acids are the least healthy of all fats. TRUE or FALSE?
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True
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What fruits are high in anti-oxidants?
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Blueberries and pomegranates
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What do anti-oxidants do?
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Help stabilize free radicals.
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What are the recommended amount of daily water intakes?
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Men = 3.7 liters
Women = 2.7 liters |
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What % of fat, protein and carbs should be in a healthy diet?
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Carbs - 50- 55%
Fats - < 30% Proteins - 15 - 20-% |
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What is GERD short for?
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GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease
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What is 'dysphagia'?
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Difficulty swallowing
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Massage considerations for GERD?
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Caution not to make symptoms worse, shorter sessions, not laying flat?
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What is 'peptic ulcers'?
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Open sores in esophagus, stomach and small intestine
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Helicobacter pylori?
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Bacteria causing ulcers
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What is a contributing factor for Peptic ulcers?
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NSAIDs, aspirin, ibuprofen, Aleve.
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What does NSAID stand for?
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
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Give an example of an acetaminophen.
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Tylenol
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Massage considerations for peptic ulcers?
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Adjust for duration and position - parasympatheic response might make it worse
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Colorectal cancer definition?
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Development of tumors anywhere in the large intestine.
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5 risk factors for colorectal cancer?
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Age, family history, fiber-less diet, obesity, sedentary life style.
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Massage considerations for colorectal cancer?
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Can be helpful within limits of cancer and treatments/colostomy bag.
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Definition of Diverticular Disease?
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Bulge in colon forming diverticulum
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Definition of Diverticulosis?
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Presence of bulges
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Definition of Diverticulitis?
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Infection of bulges
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Massage considerations for Diverticular Disease?
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Contraindicated
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How many people in the US have gall stones?
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42 million; 2:1 women
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Massage considerations for gall stones?
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Contraindicated during attack. History or surgery OK.
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Hepatitis definition?
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Inflamed liver
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Massage considerations for Hepatitis A?
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Contraindicated while acute.
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What is Hepatitis A?
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Infectious through oral-fecal contamination - short term
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What is Hepatitis B?
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Infected through body fluids. Sturdy outside host.
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Which types of hepatitis have vaccine?
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Hepatitis A and B
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Massage considerations for Hepatitis B?
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Contraindicated circulatory while acute. Non-circulatory massage has many benefits without major risks.
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Massage considerations for Hepatitis C?
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Contraindicated circulatory massage while acute.
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