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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Define Digestion |
Breakdown of complex nutrients into simple nutrients |
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Define deglutition |
Process of swallowing; Complex process requiring corordinated and rapid movements |
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Define Absorption |
Movements of nutrients through the GI mucosa into the internal environment |
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Define Peristalsis |
Wave like ripple of the muscular layer of a hollow organ Progressive motility that provides forward movement of matter along the GI tract. |
The movement that makes it possible for movement of foods in GI |
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Define Elimination |
Excretion of material that is not absorbed |
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How many pairs of Salivary glands are there? |
3 |
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Name the 3 pairs of Salivary glands |
Submandibular Sublingual Parotid |
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What controls salivation |
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous systen |
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Are the Salivary glands regulated by hormones |
No, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
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What does the salivary glands produce |
Saliva Thick viscous secretions to aid in swallowing and digestion by softening food before it passes down the throat. |
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Which is the largest of the salivary glands |
Parotid |
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Where is the parotid gland located |
Lies at the side of the face just below and in front of the external ear. |
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Describe the Submandibular gland and location |
One of a pair of round walnut sized salivary glands Found in the submandibular triangle, reaching anteriorly to the anterior belly of the diagastricus and posteriorly to the stylomandibular ligament |
Under tongue in mandible. Sits in front of the and is the largest of the two (submandibular and Sublingual) |
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Where is the sublingual gland located |
Situated under the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue. It is in relation, inferiorly, withthemylohyoideus; posteriorly,with the submandibular gland; laterally, with the mandible; and medially, with the geniolossus from which it is separated by the lingula nerve and the submandibular duct. |
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What is the Sublingual gland |
One pair of small salivary glands. Is narrow, almond shaped structure It has from 8 to 20 ducts |
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Which of the Salivary glands are the smallest? |
Sublingual Produces a mucous type of saliva Location of the major sphincters of the digestive tract |
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What does the Parotid gland produce |
Watery saliva containing enzymes |
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What does the Submandibular glands contain? |
enzyme and mucous producing elements |
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What does the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (Cardiac sphincter) control? |
The opening of the esophagus into the stomach |
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What is another name for the Lower Esophageal Sphincter? |
Cardiac sphincter |
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What does the Pyloric Sphincter control? |
Controls the outlet of the pyloric portion of the stomach into the dueodeunum |
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Name the major organs of digestion |
stomach Esophagus small intestine Large intestine |
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What is the location of the stomach |
Left side of upper abdomen |
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What is the location of the Esophagus |
Is about 8 inches long connects the throat to the stomach Runs behind the trachea and the heart, in front of the spine |
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What is the location of the small intestine? |
Runs from stomach to the large intestine About 20 feet long and one inch in diameter |
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How long is the esophagus? |
About 8 inches |
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How long is the small intestine? |
About 20 feet and one inch in diameter |
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Name the accessory organs of digestion |
Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Bladder |
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Describe Pancreas and location |
Is 6 inches long Sits against the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach Head of pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen and is connected to the duodenum |
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Where can the head of pancreas be found |
Right side of the abdomen |
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What is the pancreas connected to? |
The duodenum |
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Describe the liver and location |
Upper right portion of the abdominal cavity Beneath the diaphragm and On top of the stomach/intestines |
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Describe the gallbladder |
Pear shaped hallow structure Located under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen |
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Where is the gallbladder located |
Under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen |
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Describe the Bladder location |
in the pelvis just above and behind the pubic bone |
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Name the order of the digestive tract |
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa |
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Describe the Mucosa layer |
Innermost layer |
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Describe the Submucosa layer |
Numerous glands,blood vessels and parasympathetic nerves (veins) |
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Describe the Muscularis layer |
Thick layer of muscle tissue, provides peristalsis |
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What does the Muscularis layer provide |
Provides Peristalsis |
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What are the starting and end products of Carbohydrate digestion |
Carbs - Monosaccharaides |
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What are the starting and end products of Protein digestion |
Long protein chains - Protein - Amino acids |
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What are the starting and end products of fat digestion? |
Fat - Triglycerides - free fatty acids - glycerol |
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Name the correct order of the digestive tract |
Lips cheeks tongue teeth Hard palate Soft palate Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine anus |
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Where does the mechanical start for carbs? |
In the mouth using tongue and teeth |
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Wherre does mechanical start for fats? |
In the mouth |
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Where does mechanical and digestion start for proteins? |
In the mouth |
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Where does chemical digestion start for Carbs? |
In the mouth with salivatory amylase |
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Where does chemical digestion start for fats? |
In the mouth using lingual lipase, also happens in small intestine and duodenum |
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Where does Chemical digestion start for Proteins? |
Occurs in the stomach and duodenum through 3 main enzymes including pepsin |
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Name the 4 different gastric hormones |
Gastrin Cholecystokinin (CCK) Secretin GIP |
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What is the function of Gastrin (gastrichormone) |
Stimulates secretion of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid and pepsin) by parietal cells in the stomach and helps with gastric mobility, |
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What is the function of Cholecystokinin (CCK) (gastric hormone) |
reduces stomach motility and secretion |
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What is the kfunction of Secretin ? (gastric hormone) |
Evokes the production of pancreatic fluid ] Low in enzyme content but high in bicarbonate. |
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What is Secretin low in? |
Enzyme content |
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What is Secretin high in? |
Bicarbonate |
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What is the function of GIP? (gastric hormone) |
Inhibits gastric mobility and secretion of acid |
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Define anabolism |
Is a synthesis process, Is build up of larger more complex molecules out of smaller ones |
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Define Catabolism |
Breaks down food into smaller molecular compounds and releases tow forms of energy, heat and chemical |
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Define Metabolism |
Amount of energy released by catabolism, unit of measurement for metabolism is kilocalories of heat energy |
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What is secreted from the main gastric cells? |
Chief cells Parietal cells Endocrine cells |
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What does chief cells secrete? |
Releases Pepsin |
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What does Parietal cells release? |
Hydrochloric acid Decreased the pH of chyme for activation and and activation of pepsin |
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What does Endocrine cells secrete? |
Alpha cells secrete glucagon Beta cells secrete insulin |
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What does alpha cells secrete? |
Glucagon |
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What does bata cells secrete |
Insulin |
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Define and give location of glycolysis |
First process of carb catabolism Located in cytoplasm |
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Define and give location of Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) |
Process of converting 2 pyruvic acids in to 6 carbon dioxide and 6 water molecules. Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria |
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Define and give location of Electron Transport System (ETS) |
Drives ATP synthase Located in inner membrane of mitochondria |
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Define and give location of Gluconeogenesis |
Series of chemical reactions, glucose molecules join to form a strand of glucose beads. Process occurs when blood glucose level increases above the midpoint of normal range. Occurs in the liver |
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Define and give location of Cori Cycle |
Circular pathway in which liactic acid produced by anaerobic glycolysis in skeletal muscles is carried to liver cells and converted to glucose. Occurs in the liver cells |
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Define and give location of Glycogenolysis |
Reversal of glycogenesis Occurs in the liver |
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define and give location of glycogenesis |
Formation of new glucose Primarily in the liver |
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What are the major starting molecules and end products for Glycolysis? |
Glucose - pyruvate |
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What are the major starting molecules and end products for CAC? |
Two pyruvic acid - 6 carbon dioxide - 6 water molecules |
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What are the major starting molecules and end products for ETS |
High moving electorns and protons - ATP |
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How many ATP are produced from one glucose molecule during Aerobicc respiration |
36 ATP muscle cells 38 liver cells |
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How many ATP are produced from one glucose molecule during aneaerobic respiration? |
2 ATP |
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What is the major waste product of anaerobic respiration and how and where is it metabolized? |
Lactic acid Metabolized in the liver through the Cori Cfycle |
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Define what happens to glucose metabolism with hyperglycemia |
Pancreas floods the body with insulin |
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Define what happens to glucose metabolism with hypoglycemia |
Pancreas floods with too much insulin after a meal |
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What is the layer of the tooth that protects it against wear and tear from chewing? |
Dentin at the crown covered by enamel |
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What is the organic substance that assists in chemical reaction in the body |
Vitamins |
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What is the inorganic substances that assist in chemical reactions in the body? |
Minerals |
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What are the Endocrine cells of the pancreas and what do they secrete? |
Cells are embedded between exocrine units called pancreatic islets of langerham made of alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete glucagon, Beta cells secrete insulin |
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What are the Exocrine (Acinar) cells of the pancreas and what do they secrete? |
Cells have compound acinar arrangement, tiny ducts that unite to form main pancreatic duct which empties into duodenum. Secretes digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate |
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what are the processes of catabolism called for Carbs? |
Glycogenolysis |
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What are the processes of catabolism called for fats? |
Catabolized in citric acid cycle |
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What are the processes of catabolism called for Proteins? |
Called Demination Takes place in the liver cells |
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What is the difference in function between LDL & HDL |
LDL - Low density lipoprotein is bad cholesterol once oxidized it damages the lining of arteries, creates plaque HDL - High density lipoprotein Good cholesterol Travels through blood stream and removes LDL from where it does not belong |
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Which is the good cholesterol? |
HDL Removes LDL where it does not belong |
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What is meant by nitrogen balance? |
The total nitrogen intake by an organism and its total nitrogen. Anabolism is equal to the catabolism. |
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What is mouth cancer? |
Leukoplakin may develop into mouth cancer |
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Describe mumps |
Viral inflammation of the parotid glands. (70% of cases both are infected). Fever, loss of appetite, painful opening and closing of the mouth and feelings of weakness and discomfort. Swelling where gland affected |
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Describe Gastro-esophogela reflux disease (GERD) |
Backward flow of stomach acid up into the esophagus. Can lead to esophagitis and esophageal cancer |
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Discribe stomach Cancer |
Linked to H. pylori, excessive alcohol consumption, use of chewing tobacco and eating smoked, or heavily preserved meats |
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What is Colon Cancer |
Occurs after age 50 and in people with a low fiber, high fat diet and genetic predisposittion |
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What is Diverticulosis? |
Abnormal sac like outpouchings of the intestinal wall that becomes inflalmed |
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What is Crohn's |
Any inflammatory condition of the large intestine. |
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What is IBS (Irritable bowel syndrome) |
Diarrhea or constipation due to stress |
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What is cholecystitis? |
Inflammation of the Gallbladder |
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What is Cholelithiasis? |
Gallstones |
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