Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, Urinary System

Front 1

Exchange of gases

Back 1

Respiration

Front 2

Types of aerobic respiration

Back 2

Direct Respiration

Indirect Respiration

Front 3

It is the exchange of oxygen with CO2 of the body cells

Back 3

Direct Respiration

Front 4

Types of Respiration

Back 4

a. Anaerobic Respiration

b. Aerobic Respiration

Front 5

Type of Respiration without special respiratory organs or blood

Back 5

Direct Respiration

Front 6

Example of this are aerobic bacteria, plants, sponges

Back 6

Direct Respiration

Front 7

It needs pecial respiratory organs like skin, buccopharyngeal lining, gills, and lungs are used.

Back 7

Indirect Respiration

Front 8

it involves the blood

Back 8

Indirect Respiration

Front 9

Respiration that is a physical process in which an organism takes in oxygen and gives out CO2.

Back 9

External Respiration

Front 10

may involved respiratory surfaces such as integument, gills, trachea, or lungs

Back 10

External Respiration

Front 11

Gas exchange between air in the alveoli and vlood in pulmonary capillaries.

Back 11

External Respiration

Front 12

refers to the breathing process which may occur naturally (pulmonary Ventilation)or with a help of an external device such as ventilator (mechanical ventilation

Back 12

Ventilation

Front 13

Extra volume of air that can be inspired.

Back 13

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Front 14

amount of air inhales during a normal breathe.

Back 14

Tidal volume (TV)

Front 15

air that can be expired with maximum effort

Back 15

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Front 16

amount of air in a person’s lung after fully exhaling.

Back 16

Residual Volume (RV)

Front 17

maximum volume of air that can be inspired

Back 17

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Front 18

volume of air remaining in lungs after normalexhalation

Back 18

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Front 19

Total amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation.

Back 19

Vital Capacity (VC)

Front 20

maximum amount of air in lungs (6 liters)

Back 20

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Front 21

Passage way for air

Back 21

Nose

Front 22

Passageway for food and air

Back 22

Mouth

Front 23

Cover the lungs and line the chest cavity

Back 23

Pleural membranes

Front 24

Organ of gas exchange

Back 24

Lung

Front 25

Moves ribs during Respiration

Back 25

Intercostal muscle

Front 26

Skeletal muscle of Respiration

Back 26

Diaphragm

Front 27

Filters, warms, and moistens air

Back 27

Nasal Cavity

Front 28

Common passageway for ari, food, and liquid

Back 28

Pharynx (throat)

Front 29

Production of Sounds

Back 29

Larynx

Front 30

Main airway

Back 30

Trachea

Front 31

Branching airways

Back 31

Bronchi

Front 32

Air sacs for gas exchange

Back 32

Alveoli

Front 33

Deliver needed materials such as oxygen and Glucose, to the cells of the body

Back 33

Circulatory System

Front 34

Removes waste products (CO2) from the cells

Back 34

Circulatory System

Front 35

Fighting diseases by transporting White Blood Cells throughtout the body

Back 35

Circulatory System

Front 36

Pumps blood to all parts of the body

Back 36

Heart

Front 37

Tubes that enable blood to be transported to all parts of the body

Back 37

Blood vessels

Front 38

Transport oxygen, digested food and water to all parts of the body

Back 38

Blood

Front 39

Transport the CO2 and other waste materials away from the different parts of the body for removal

Back 39

Blood

Front 40

cells ranges from 4.5-5 million cells/mm3

.

Back 40

Erythrocytes

Front 41

The cells are small, reddish, and have no nucleus.

Back 41

Erythrocytes

Front 42

Small, purple-stained cell fragments range from 250,000-500,000/mm3. They are important in the clotting process.

Back 42

Platelets

Front 43

range from 4000-11,000 cells/mm3

Back 43

Leucocytes

Front 44

The basic function of these cells is protective, and they can move in and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) and wander through body tissues by amoeboid motion.

Back 44

Leucocytes

Front 45

The basic function of these cells is protective, and they can move in and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) and wander through body tissues by amoeboid motion.

Back 45

Leucocytes

Front 46

Larger than RBCs and have lobed nuclei and granules in their cytoplasm.

Back 46

Granulocytes

Front 47

Larger than RBCs and have lobed nuclei and granules in their cytoplasm.

Back 47

Granulocytes

Front 48

40-70% of WBCs, 3-7 lobed nucleus, pale lilac or pink cytoplasm contains very fine granules which are difficult to see.

Back 48

Neutrophils

Front 49

They are active phagocytes and fight bacterial invasions (important in inflammatory response) as well as cleaning up debris.

Back 49

Neutrophils

Front 50

1-4% of WBCs, figure 8 or bilobed nucleus, large red/orange cytoplasmic granules.

Back 50

Eosinophils

Front 51

Important in ending allergic reactions (phagocytize antibody-bound allergens) and fighting parasitic worms.

Back 51

Eosinophils

Front 52

Less than 1% of WBCs, nucleus often U or S shaped with indentations, large dark purple cytoplasmic granules.

Back 52

Basophils

Front 53

Mediate inflammatory response (release histamine and other molecules) during allergic responses and parasitic infections.

Back 53

Basophils

Front 54

have no observable granules and nuclei are usually roughly spherical.

Back 54

Agranulocytes

Front 55

20-40% of WBCs, about the size of a RBC, dark blue or purple nucleus, sparse gray/blue cytoplasm.

Back 55

Lymphocytes

Front 56

Important role in immune system.

Back 56

Lymphocyte

Front 57

4-8% of WBCs, largest of the WBCs, dark blue nucleus, abundant gray/blue cytoplasm.

Back 57

Monocytes

Front 58

They are active phagocytes and considered important in long-term clean up.

Back 58

Monocytes

Front 59

Granulocytes

Back 59

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Front 60

Agranulocytes

Back 60

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Front 61

Discuss Pulmonary Ventilation

Back 61

Pulmonary ventilation is commonly referred to as breathing. It is the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation). Air flows because of pressure differences between the atmosphere and the gases inside the lungs.Air, like other gases, flows from a region with higher pressure to a region with lower pressure. Muscular breathing movements and recoil of elastic tissues create the changes in pressure that result in ventilation.

Front 62

Discuss Gas Exchange

Back 62

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Front 63

Discuss Gas Transport

Back 63

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Front 64

kidneys filter how many liters of plasma each day?

Back 64

150-180 liters

Front 65

How many times does the entire plasma volume filtered?

Back 65

Plasma volume is filtered up to 65 times a day

Front 66

The amount of urine produced per day

Back 66

Generally between 1.0 and 1.8 liter

Front 67

Presence of albumin in the urine is called?

Back 67

Albuminuria

Front 68

Results of Urinalysis that is generally indicative of an abnormally increased permeability of the filtration membrane.

Back 68

Albuminuria

Front 69

T or F: Nonpathologic conditions like excessive exertion, pregnancy, or high protein intake can temporarily increase membrane permeability.

Back 69

T

Front 70

Pathologic conditions include things that damage the membrane permeability, such as

Back 70

kidney trauma due to blows

ingestion of heavy metalsbacterial toxins

glomerulonephritis, and

hypertension

Front 71

Results of Urinalysis that indicates abnormally high blood sugar levels.

Back 71

Presence of glucose in urine

Front 72

White blood cell casts are typical in

Back 72

pyelonephritis

Front 73

These intermediates of fat metabolism are normally present in only trace amounts. If present in urine with excessive amounts, this usually indicates abnormal metabolic processes.

Back 73

Ketones

Front 74

The results of this in urine may be acidosis and associated complications.

Back 74

ketonuria

Front 75

Urinalysis: Causes include kidney stones, infections, or physical trauma to the urinary organs. Accidental contamination with menstrual blood is possible in females

Back 75

Hematuria

Front 76

Urinalysis: Tt is a result of hemolysis of red blood cells. It may be caused by hemolytic anemias, transfusion reactions, burns, or renal disease.

Back 76

Presence of hemoglobin/ hemoglobinuria

Front 77

Urinalysis: It is detected by a yellow foam that forms when the sample is shaken, and generally indicates liver pathology such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.

Back 77

bilirubinuria

Front 78

The color of the urine is from?

Back 78

Urobilins

Front 79

A pigment that comes from the breakdown of hemoglobin

Back 79

Urobilins

Front 80

Color of urine

Back 80

Generally clear and pale yellow to amber color

Front 81

Pale uren has a lower concentration of

Back 81

Solutes

Front 82

Abnormal color of urine can come from food such as

Back 82

Beets, drugs, bile or blood

Front 83

Left standing bacterial action gives a strong odor of

Back 83

Ammonia

Front 84

This diet increases the acidity of the urine

Back 84

high protein diet

Front 85

This diet can result to more alkaline urine

Back 85

Vegetarian diet

Front 86

Bacterial infections may also cause urine to be more?

Back 86

Alkaline

Front 87

Normal urine constituents

Back 87

Water

Urea

Sodium

Potassium

Phosphates

Sulfates

Creatinine

Uric acid

Front 88

They can be found in urine but in small amounts

Back 88

Calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate ions

Front 89

At normal blood sugar levels of _______, all the glucose in the filtrate is reabsorbed

Back 89

80-100mg/100mL

Front 90

Expected during starvation, as the body uses up its fat stores. When coupled with glycosuria, it is generally diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.

Back 90

Ketonuria

Front 91

If present in excessive amounts, this usually indicates abnormal metabolic processes and may result in acidosis and associated complications

Back 91

Ketones

Front 92

The presence may be an accidental contamination of menstrual blood is possible in females

Back 92

RBC's

Front 93

red blood cell casts are common in

Back 93

glomerulonephritis

Front 94

fatty casts indicate

Back 94

severe renal damage

Front 95

The pH of urine averages ____ but may range from ___ to __.

Back 95

6.0 , 4.5 to 8.0

Front 96

Presence of glucose in the urine is called

Back 96

Glycosuria

Front 97

T or F: The capacity of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose may be temporarily exceeded with an excessive carbohydrate intake.

Back 97

T

Front 98

T or F: Pathological glycosuria occurs in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which body cells are unable to absorb glucose from the blood because the pancreatic islet cells do not make enough insulin, or there is an abnormality of insulin receptors.

Back 98

T

Front 99

Presence of ketones in the urine is called

Back 99

Ketonuria

Front 100

Presence of RBCs in the urine is called _____, and nearly always indicates pathology.

.

Back 100

Hematuria

Front 101

Presence of hemoglobin in the urine is called

Back 101

Hemoglobinuria

Front 102

Presence of bilirubin (bile pigments) in the urine is called

Back 102

Bilirubinuria

Front 103

Presence of WBCs or other pus constituents in the urine is called

Back 103

Pyuria

Front 104

It indicates inflammation of the urinary tract.

Back 104

Pyuria/ presence of WBC

Front 105

it is a hardened cell fragments flushed out of the urinary tract. There are many types, and they always indicate pathology.

Back 105

Casts