Digestive And Reproductive Pretell Test 4 Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

what are the functions of digestive system

Back 1

ingestion, mechanical digestion (mastication and segmentation), propulsion(degluttition and peristalsis), chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

Front 2

movement of food is in an-

Back 2

aboral direction

Front 3

how many digestive functions?

Back 3

6 - ingestion, mechanical digestion chemical digestion, propulsion, absorption, defecation

Front 4

3 types of chemical stimuli

Back 4

ACH, Gastrin, Histamine

Front 5

digestive 2 structural parts

Back 5

ALIMENTARY CANAL and GI TRACT, PLUS ACCESSORY ORGANS FOUND WITHIN CANAL

Front 6

accessory organs digestion-

Back 6

pancreas, lips teeth, tongue, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, etc

Front 7

stomach muscle layers-

Back 7

longitudinal, circular, oblique

Front 8

male duct system order

Back 8

-semineferous tubules
-recta testi
-retae
-efferent ductules
-epiditymus
-vas deferens
-ampulla of vas deferens
-ejaculatory duct
-prostatic urethra
-membranous urethra
-spongy urethra
external urinary meatus

Front 9

alimentary system 1st of three mandatory layers anywhere are:

Back 9

3 layers - mucosal layer (can be stratified squamous epithelium or columnar epithelium, etc),

Front 10

4th layer in any given oart of alimentary canal is either-

Back 10

cerosal or adventitial covering

Front 11

alimentary system covering is made up of -

Back 11

3 mandatory layers

Front 12

alimentary system 2nd of 3 mandatory layers anywhere are:

Back 12

loose aereolar connective tissue (lamina propria),

Front 13

alimentary system 3rd of 3 mandatory layers anywhere are:

Back 13

smooth muscle called muscularis mucosae (no true propulsion, weak, causes only undulating movements for mixing)

Front 14

mucosal digestive surface undulating increases-

Back 14

absorption and stuck things shaking free

Front 15

smooth muscle for digestion under nervous control and has-

Back 15

automaticity

Front 16

pacemaker cells,

Back 16

cells of cajal..causes waves upon eating's start

Front 17

digestive: 2 nervous plexi.. one superior and one inferior...are:

Back 17

cells of autonomic nervous system

Front 18

digestive system/cells of autonomic nervous system: inhibited by

Back 18

sympathetic innervation

Front 19

digestive system/cells of autonomic nervous system: stimulated by

Back 19

parasympathetic innervation

Front 20

2nd layer deep to mucosa is

Back 20

submucosa aka connective tissue, where veins/arteries are

Front 21

3rd layer of smooth muscle consists of 2 sublayers

Back 21

OUTER LONGITUDINAL LAYER and CIRCULAR layer

Front 22

CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDINAL LAYERS MAKE UP THE-

Back 22

MYENTERIC PLEXUS

Front 23

amylase pH:

Back 23

6-8

Front 24

mouth pH:

Back 24

6

Front 25

small intestine pH:

Back 25

8

Front 26

lingual lipase is:

Back 26

water soluble

Front 27

deglutition phases-

Back 27

oral phase and pharyngo-esophageal phase

Front 28

after swallowing when bolus reaches pharynx-

Back 28

becomes automatic

Front 29

uvula during deglutition:

Back 29

moves superiorly along with soft palate-- blocking respiratory tract

Front 30

upper esophageal sphincter makeup:

Back 30

3 skeletal muscles, including crico-esophageal muscle (voluntary), 3 constrict

Front 31

esophageal component of deglutition:

Back 31

10 inches, 6-8 seconds - to go from upper to lower esophagus

Front 32

outer longitudinal layer

Back 32

shortens and widens organ's lumen

Front 33

circular layer

Back 33

narrows and lengthens

Front 34

myentery plexus

Back 34

innervates outer smooth muscle layer

Front 35

local reflexes caused by

Back 35

physical distension or chemical irritation of sensors

Front 36

cranial nerve 9 innervates

Back 36

parotid salivary gland

Front 37

vagus nerve in charge of

Back 37

parasympathetic innervation all the way to transverse colon

Front 38

pelvic nerves take over at the

Back 38

transverse colon

Front 39

esophagus has

Back 39

connective adventitia tissue

Front 40

tongue extrinsic movement

Back 40

extrinsic muscles for movement and verbal articulation

Front 41

tongue intrinsic muscles

Back 41

change tongue shape

Front 42

parotid saliv. gland

Back 42

largest, near ear, does less than 1/3 of saliva output,

Front 43

parotid duct

Back 43

major duct, aka Stensen's duct,

Front 44

salivary gland

Back 44

cerous or mucous

Front 45

mucus

Back 45

mucin slippery substance

Front 46

submandibular

Back 46

most saliva produced (50/50 mucin to water)

Front 47

parotid saliv. gland location

Back 47

at the level of 2nd molar of upper jaw

Front 48

parotid salivary

Back 48

primarily cerous

Front 49

sublingual gland

Back 49

floor of mouth, does 5% output, anterior

Front 50

sublingual saliv. gland location

Back 50

mostly mucin not water

Front 51

1.5 liters saliva per

Back 51

day, total between 3 glands

Front 52

parasympathetic stimulation

Back 52

saliva release due to vasodilation

Front 53

sympathetic stimulation

Back 53

reduces saliva production/release

Front 54

aldsterone causes

Back 54

more K and less Na in saliva

Front 55

transverse colon

Back 55

runs left and right

Front 56

small intestine made up of:

Back 56

duodenum, jejunum. ileum,

Front 57

Mechano- and chemoreceptors respond to:

Back 57

Stretch, osmolarity, and pH
Presence of substrate, and end products of digestion

Front 58

stratum functionalis layer:

Back 58

lost during a woman's period

Front 59

esophageal movements of liquids-

Back 59

gravity causes that

Front 60

esophageal movements of solid bolus-

Back 60

peristalsis causes that

Front 61

intrinsic muscles-

Back 61

ball up the tongue pushing food toward pharynx

Front 62

cranial nerve 9-

Back 62

gag reflex throwing up

Front 63

cranial nerve 10-

Back 63

deglutition contractions, relaxations

Front 64

lower esophageal sphincter

Back 64

thickening of smooth muscle then relaxes and food passes to stomach

Front 65

cardia-

Back 65

stomach part close to heart

Front 66

esophagus has-

Back 66

3 narrowings

Front 67

sympathetic and parapsympathetic (mostly)

Back 67

influence digestive tract

Front 68

local stimulation, which lead to short reflexes, is the opposite of

Back 68

cephalic stimulation leading to long reflex

Front 69

acidity in stomach increasing dropping below 2 pH

Back 69

this acts as a negative feedback mechanism

Front 70

pancreas is -

Back 70

retroperitoneal

Front 71

mesentery structures-

Back 71

double foldings behind the organ, attach organ to wall of abdominal cavity

Front 72

nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels -

Back 72

Pass thru mesenteries

Front 73

most mesentery structures are POSTERIOR-

Back 73

BUT LIVER ONE IS ANTERIOR

Front 74

mesentery-

Back 74

2 double layered membranes, most are dorsal except the one for the liver which is ventral

Front 75

stomach meets esophagus at the-

Back 75

cardia

Front 76

body of the stomach has 2 curvatures-

Back 76

lateral greater curvature and medial lesser curvature

Front 77

off the greater curvature is the location of the:

Back 77

greater OMENTA

Front 78

off the lesser curvature is the location of the:

Back 78

lesser OMENTA, which runs up toward the liver

Front 79

where stomach narrows is called the

Back 79

pylorum or pyloric region

Front 80

pyloric sphincter

Back 80

does not open much at all

Front 81

lower esophageal sphincter as well as the upper one-

Back 81

opens relaxes and lets content in

Front 82

additional muscle layer in stomach is the-

Back 82

deep oblique layer where fibers run obliquely to horizontal AND longitudinal fibers

Front 83

chyme liquid is formed in

Back 83

the stomach

Front 84

wrinkling of mucosa of stomach is called the -

Back 84

rugae, undulations or wrinkles present only when organ is shrunken and emptied

Front 85

stomach

Back 85

columnar epithelium

Front 86

stomach columnar epithelium inner surface is:

Back 86

goblet cells that each secrete alkalinic mucus with tight junctions in between

Front 87

gastritis

Back 87

irritation of stomach tissue due to lack of mucus

Front 88

gastric pits

Back 88

indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the tubular shaped gastric glands. They are deeper in the pylorus

Front 89

stomach mucus, which on the top is covered in a layer of

Back 89

sodium bicarbonate

Front 90

mucous neck cells

Back 90

secrete acidic mucus

Front 91

intrinsic factor

Back 91

Intrinsic factor (IF) also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the small intestine

Front 92

chief cells-

Back 92

secrete pepsinogen

Front 93

entero-endoctrine cells - 2 types we are concerned with and what they produce:

Back 93

G cells - secrete gastrin

enterochromaffine-like cells - secrete histamine

Front 94

acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter from vagus nerve

Back 94

increases Ca concentration in carotid cells...leads to HCl secretion

Front 95

parietal cells

Back 95

Parietal cells are the stomach epithelium cells that secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor in response to histamine (H2 receptor), acetylcholine (M3 receptors[1]) and gastrin (CCK2 receptors).

Front 96

parietal cells stimulated directly by

Back 96

vagus nerve 10

Front 97

chloride leaks out in -

Back 97

antiport system to merge with hydrogen ions and make Hcl acid in stomach

Front 98

pancreas-

Back 98

counteracts acidity of chyme by releasing sodium bicarbonate

Front 99

liver has to clean blood-

Back 99

so you dont get hepatic dementia

Front 100

large amounts of bicarbonate into interstitial fluid-

Back 100

causes alkaline tide in nearby blood

Front 101

pancreas-

Back 101

produces acidic tide to counteract stomach's alkalinic tide

Front 102

ciliac trunk and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries-

Back 102

feed the digestive system

Front 103

ciliac trunk divides into-

Back 103

left gastric, splenic and common hepatic arteries

Front 104

Parietal cells also produce intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of

Back 104

Vitamin B12 in the diet.

Front 105

pylorum closed so...

Back 105

large wave hits and then large wave comes backwards (retropulsion)

Front 106

small intestine's purpose is

Back 106

absorption, has not too many goblet cells and no mucosal layer