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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A lack of a desire to eat despite physiologic stimuli and would normally produce hunger.
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Anorexia
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The forceful emptying of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth.
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Vomiting
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The presence of what in the duodenum stimulates the vomiting reflex?
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ipecac or copper salts
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Spontaneous vomiting not preceded by nausea or retching.
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Projectile vomiting
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Difficult or infrequent defecation.
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Constipation
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What kind of diet decreases the volume and number of stools that causes constipation?
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A low-residue diet (highly refined foods)
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What physicical aspects other than diet can contribute to constipation?
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sedentary life-style, lack of regular exercise, hypothyroidism, excessive use of antacids, aging
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What is the treatment for dysfunctional constipation?
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manage the underlying lesion or disease
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An increase in the frequency of defecation and the fluidity and volume of feces.
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Diarrhea
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A nonabsorbable substance in the intestine draws excess water into the intestine and increases stool weight and volume, producing large volume diarrhea.
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Osmotic diarrhea
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What is the cause of osmotic diarrhea?
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lactase and pancreatic enzyme deficiency and excessive ingestion of synthetic, nonabsorbable sugars
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Excessive mucosal secretion of fluid and electrolytes producing large-volume diarrhea.
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Secretory diarrhea
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What is the cause of large-volume secretory diarrhea?
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bacterial enterotoxins, neoplasms or exotoxins
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_____ is usually caused by an inflammatory disorder of the intestines.
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Small-volume diarrhea
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Treatment for diarrhea.
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restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance
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What kind of abdominal pain from the peritoneum is localized and intense?
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parietal pain
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What kind of abdominal pain arises from a stimulus acting on an abdominal organ?
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visceral pain
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What kind of abdominal pain is felt at some distance from a diseased or affected organ?
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referred pain
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Bleeding in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum.
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upper gastrointestinal bleeding
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Upper GI bleeds are commonly caused by what?
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varicose veins in the esophagus, peptic ulcers, or a Mallory-Weiss tear
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Lower GI bleeds are commonly caused by what?
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polyps, inflammatory disease, cancer, or hemorrhoids
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Bloody vomitus; either fresh, bright red blood or dark grainy digested blood with "coffee grounds" appearance.
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Hematemesis
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Black, sticky, tarry, foul-smelling stools caused by digestion of blood in the GI tract.
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Melena
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Fresh, bright red blood passed from the rectum.
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Hematochezia
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Trace amounts of blood in normal-appearing stools or gastric secretions; detecable only with a guaiac test.
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Occult bleeding
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What are two causes of a Mallory-Weiss tear?
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retching and vomiting
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The digestion of blood proteins originating from massive upper GI bleeding is reflected in an increase of ____ levels.
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BUN
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Difficulty swallowing; can result from mechanical obstuction of esophagus or a disorder than impairs esophageal motility.
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Dysphagia
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What is used to diagnose dysphagia and allows visualization of the structural defects of the esophagus?
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barium swallow
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The reflux of chyme (acid and pepsin) from the stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter to the esophagus.
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Gastroesophageal reflux (GER)
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When is pain increased in patients with GER?
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when lying down
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What determines the severity of esophagitis?
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composition of gastric contents and the length of timme they are in contact with the esophagus
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What treatment is given for esophagitis?
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antacids
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The protrusion of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm and into the thorax.
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Hiatal hernia
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The narrowing or blocking of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum.
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Pyloric obstruction
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True or False: Pyloric obstruction is congenital only.
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False: can be congenital or acquired
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Acquired pyloric obstruction is caused by _____.
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peptic ulcer disease or carcinoma near the pylorus
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In the later stages, what is a cardinal sign of pyloric obstruction?
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vomiting
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Can be caused by any condition that prevents the normal flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen.
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Intestinal obstruction
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What are the cardinal symptoms of of intestinal obstruction?
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colicky pains followed by vomiting
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An inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa.
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Gastritis
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Gastritis can be acute or chronic and affect the ____, ____ or both.
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fundus, antrum
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____ erodes the surface epithelium in a diffuse or localized pattern. The erosions are usually superficial.
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Acute gastritis
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What are some contributing factors to acute gastritis?
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alcohol, histamine, digitalis, and metabolic disorders (uremia)
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Causes thinning and degeneration of the stomach wall usually occuring in the elderly.
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Chronic gastritis
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What usually develops with chronic gastritis due to the impaired B12 absorption in the ilium?
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pernicious anemia
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How are symptoms of chronic gastritis managed?
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with smaller meals; soft, bland diets; avoidance of alcohol and aspirin; B12 supplements
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A break, or ulceration, in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.
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peptic ulcer
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What kind of ulcers occur with greater frequency and are more common among young men with type O blood?
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duodenal ulcers
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Ulcers of the stomach that occur equally in men and women usually between the ages of 55 and 65.
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gastric ulcers
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An acute form of a peptic ulcer that tends to accompany severe illness, systemic trauma, or neural injury.
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stress ulcer
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A peptic ulcer erodes into a vessel causing occult bleeding.
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erosive PUD
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Rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme from surgically residual stomach into the small intestine.
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Dumping syndrome
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Stomach inflammation caused by reflux of bile and alkaline pancreatic secretions containing proteolytic enzymes that disrupt the mucosal barrier
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Alkaline reflux gastritis
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Intermittent severe pain and epigastric fullness after eating as a result of volvulus, hernia, adhesion, or stenosis of the duodenal stump.
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Afferent loop obstruction
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What can result from iron malabsorption due to decreased acid scretion.
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Anemia
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The deficient production of lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin required for the digestion of proteins, carbs and fats.
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pancreatic insufficiency
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What are some causes of pancreatic insufficiency?
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chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic carcinoma, resection and cystic fibrosis
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What deficiency inhibits the breakdown of lactose into monosaccharides and therefore prevents lactose digestion and absorption?
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Lactase deficiency
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What is necessary for the digestion and absorption of fats?
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bile salts
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A chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa usually in the rectum and sigmoid colon.
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Ulcerative colitis
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What disease is more prevalent in those of Jewish decent and whites between 20 and 40 years old?
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Ulcerative colitis
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An inflammatory disorder that affects both the large and small intestines
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Crohn disease
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Herniations of saclike outpouchings of mucosa through the muscle layers, usually in the wall of the sigmoid colon.
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Diverticula
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Asymptomatic diverticular disease
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Diverticulosis
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Inflammatory diverticular disease
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Diverticulitis
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Diverticulitis is only caused by a person's _____.
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diet
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An inflammation of the vermiform appendix, which is a projection from the apex of the cecum.
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Appendicitis
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The most common surgical emergency of the abdomen that affects 7-12% of the population.
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Appendicitis
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What is the typical symptom of an inflamed appendix?
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gastric or periumbilical pain
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Insufficient blood flow to arteries of the digestive system.
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Vascular Insufficiency
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Defined as body mass indexes that correspond to body weight of 120% or more of ideal body weight.
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obesity
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What syndrome is associated with obesity?
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metabolic syndrome
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Obese individuals are at risk for what?
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coronary artery disease, diabetes, gallstones, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer
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A psychologic and physiologic syndrome characterized by fear of becoming obese, distorted body image, 15% less than normal body weight, and absence of menstrual periods.
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Anorexia nervosa
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Characterized by binging followed by self-induced vomiting or purging of the intestines with laxatives.
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Bulimia nervosa
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Individuals with what disorder are afraid of gaining weight, but usually stay within normal range?
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Bulimia nervosa
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Abnormally high blood pressure in the portal venous system.
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portal hypertension
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Enlargement of the spleen caused by increased pressure in the splenic vein.
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splenomegaly
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The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity caused by increased pressure in the mesenteric tributaries of the portal vein.
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ascites
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Also called portal-systemic encephalopathy, which is characterized by central nervous system disturbances.
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hepatic encephalopathy
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A yellow or greenish pigmentation of the skin caused by excess bilirubin
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jaundice
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Consists of advanced liver disease with portal hypertension and functional renal failure with oliguria, sodium and water retention, hypotension and peripheral vasodilation.
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hepatorenal syndrome
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A relatively common systemic disease that affects primarily the liver.
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viral hepatitis
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Name the 5 strains of hepatitis.
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A, B, C, D, E
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Hepatitis D occurs with hepatitis __.
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B
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Incubation period for hepatitis A.
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30 days
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Route of transmission for hep. A.
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fecal-oral, parenteral, sexual
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Incubation period for Hep.B
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60-180 days
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Route of transmission for Hep.B
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parenteral, sexual
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What is the surface antigen for Hep.B?
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HBsAg
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Incubation period for Hep.D
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30-180 days
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Route of transmission for Hep.D
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parenteral(?), fecal-oral, sexual
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Incubation period for Hep.C
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35-60 days
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Transmission route for Hep.C
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parenteral, sexual
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Incubation period for Hep.E
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15-60 days
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Transmission route for Hep.E
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fecal-oral
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What phase of Hepatitis begins 2 weeks after exposure and ends with the appearance of jaundice?
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prodromal phase
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Infection is highly transmissible during what phase of Hepatitis?
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prodromal phase
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What phase of Hepatitis is marked by fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, headache, hyperalgia, cough, and fever?
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prodromal phase
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What phase of Hepatitis begins 1 to 2 weeks after the prodromal phase and lasts 2-6 weeks. (Actual phase of illness)
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Icteric phase
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What phase of Hepatitis occurs with jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stools, and enlarged liver?
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Icteric phase
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What phase of Hepatitis begins with resolution of jaundice, about 6-8 weeks after exposure; symptoms diminish but liver remains enlarged.
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recovery phase
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Persistence of clinical manifestations and liver inflammation after acute hepatitis B, C and D.
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chronic active hepatitis
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What causes a predisposition to cirrhosis and primary heptocellular carcinoma?
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chronic active hepatitis B
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An irreversible inflammatory disease that disrupts liver structure and function and is a leading cause of death in the US.
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Cirrhosis
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What Hepatitis has no test?
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E
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Caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the liver, immunologic alterations, and oxidative stress from lipid peroxidation.
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Alcoholic cirrhosis
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Differs from alcoholic cirrhosis in that the damage and inflammation leading to cirrhosis begin in the bile ducts rather than in the hepatocytes.
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Biliary cirrhosis
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What are the three most common causes of cirrhosis?
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chronic excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, fatty liver
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Gallstone formation.
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cholelithiasis
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Inflammation of the gallbladder of cystic duct.
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cholecystitis
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The most common type of gallstones
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cholesterol gallstones
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What are the risk factors for cholesterol gallstones?
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obesity, middle age, female, Native American
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Inflammation of the pancreas.
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Pancreatitis
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What type of pancreatitis is usually mild?
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acute pancreatitis
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Structural or functional impairment of the pancreas leads to _____.
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chronic pancreatitis
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What is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?
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alcohol abuse
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What is a great risk factor for pancreatic cancer?
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chronic pancreatitis
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What type of cancer metasitasizes rapidly and therefore has a poor prognosis?
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esophageal cancer
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What are the most important environmental causative factors of gastric (stomach) cancer?
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infection with H.pylori, heavily salted and preserved foods, low intake of fruits and vegetables, tobacco and alcohol use
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The third most common cause of cancer deaths in the US.
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colorectal cancer
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A tender, swollen, bluish mass in the anus.
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thrombosed hemorrhoids
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