Digestion System

Front 1

abdomen topography: medicalviculat plan
subcostal plan
intertubercular plan

Back 1

Front 2

median plan and transumbilical plane

Back 2

Front 3

the abdominal wall layers

Back 3

skin/ superficial fascia fatty layer ( camper's fascia)/ superficial fascia membranous layer(scrapas fascia)/external oblique muscle / internal oblique muscle/ transversal abdominal muscle / transversalis fascia/ extra peritoneal fascia/ parental peritoneum

Front 4

abdominal wall muscle

Back 4

rectus muscle( azole jeloee)
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse oblique

Front 5

abdominal muscle function

Back 5

in respiration system with contraction and relaxation ( inhalation) helps breathings

Front 6

greater omentum

Back 6

very large sheet fat for reserve energy

Front 7

mesentry

Back 7

The mesentery is a fold of membranous tissue that arises from the posterior wall of the peritoneal cavity and attaches to the intestinal tract.
it connects intestine to body

Hint 7

Front 8

perientonum peritonium

Back 8

serious otlr visceral peritenum is continue by parental peritenium

Front 9

peritenium

Back 9

Front 10

mucus membrane fun

Back 10

protective,secretory,absorptive,

Front 11

5 step in gastrointestinal tract

Back 11

ingestion, fragment, digestion, absorption, elimination

Front 12

hepatic vein

Back 12

vein that carries blood out of liver

Front 13

dodenum function

Back 13

first part of small intestim
bile from liver break fats and pancreases juice digestvall part of foods

Front 14

portal vein

Back 14

carries blood from entire digestive tract to liver

Front 15

bacteria in large intestine

Back 15

makevvitamine

Front 16

protein
how digest
converte to:

Back 16

denaturation by gastric juice
enzimatic hydrolysis to into polypeptide( trypsin, Chymotrypsin,elastas, carboxypeotidase)
-->membrane bound peptide hydrolases produce amino acids
-->carrier enzymes actively transport individual amino acids

Front 17

carbohydrate
which part digest it

Back 17

enzymatic hydrolysis( salivary and pancreatoc Amylase)
membrane bound di and oligosacharidase ,glucouse,fructouse, galactos
-->sorbed by facilitated diffusion

Front 18

lipids

Back 18

trigliciride convert to course emulsion in stomache
converted into a fine emulsion by combination with bile acids in the duodenum
pancreatic lipases break triglyceride down to monoglyceride and to two free fatty acids
absprbe and then re-synthesised

Front 19

oesophagus layers from inside

Back 19

epithelium( with gland) : startified squmpus non kratinised
2 lamina propria
3 muscular is mucousa: circular and longidinal layers
adventia connective tissue

Front 20

stomach histological layers

Back 20

1 epithelium( with gland) : simple columnar
2 lamina propria
3muskularis: fibrae obliqae, circular and longidinal layers
subserosa
peritoneum viscerale

Front 21

colon histological layers

Back 21

1 epithelium( with gland)
2 lamina propria
3 muskularis: circular and taenia layers
subserosa/ adventita
peritoneum viscerale

Front 22

small intestine histological layers

Back 22

mukosa:1 epithelium( with gland)
2 lamina propria
3 muskularis: circular and longitude layers
subserosa
peritoneum viscerale

Front 23

nervous control of GI tract

Back 23

1 myentric plexuse ( BTW longitude and circular muscle)
2 submuscosal plexus( BTW circular and muscosal

Front 24

blood supply in abdominal

Back 24

celiac( shekami)--> stomach, liver, pancrease ( foregut part)
superior mesentric artrey connected to small intestine and cecenum, ascending, part of transversal
inferior mesentric artrey: to large intestine

Front 25

lesser omentum

Back 25

connect liver to stomach

Front 26

stomach divided to

Back 26

1- fundus
2- body( corpus)
3- pylorus : end part of stomach

Front 27

cardia stomach

Back 27

entrance of esphogaus

Front 28

greater curvature

Back 28

inferior part of stomach (gaster)

Front 29

lesser curvature

Back 29

place of connection of lesser momentum to stomach

Front 30

ragae

Back 30

curve shape of epithelium of stomache

Front 31

pylorus sphincter

Back 31

direct food to small intestine

Front 32

muscle layer of stomach

Back 32

longitude
oblique muscle layer
circular muscle layer

Front 33

gastric secretory cells

Back 33

mucousae neck cells
parental cell
chief (peptic) cells
enteroendocrone cells

Hint 33

Front 34

small intestine parts

Back 34

dudenuom
jejenum
ilium

Front 35

duodenum func

Back 35

neutralize stomach acid
enzymatic digestion are received from liver and pancreas

Front 36

bile duct location

Back 36

in duodenum
there two hole in duodenum: minor duodenal papilla and major duodenal papilla

Front 37

small intestine jejenum function

Back 37

further enzymatic digestion, nutrient absorption

Front 38

plicae circulares

Back 38

surface of small intestine contain curving epithelium
it contain microvilly

Front 39

ilium fun and location

Back 39

further enzymatic digestion, nutrient absorption,
local: lower right( and left quadrant)

Front 40

crypt، villi

Back 40

Front 41

intestinal crypts contain enteroendocrone cells responsible for?

Back 41

production of several intestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin and secretion, and enzymes with antibacterial activity

Front 42

lamina proper contains

Back 42

lymphatic cells
network of capillaries
terminal lymphatic: lacteal--> transport material can't enter to capillaries( large lipid)

Front 43

how dudenum keep epithelium

Back 43

it has abundant number of glands( submacousal glands), make large quantities of mucus --> protection from acid

Front 44

ileum and jeunum epithelial histology

Back 44

plicae and villi remain prominent over proximal half of jejenum( reduce absorption)
aggregated lymphoid nodules or Peters patches in ileum.( not allowed the bacteria from large intestine enter

Front 45

colon function
location

Back 45

water resorption and electrocyted, micro floraaided digestion and nutrient absorption
absorption of important vitamin produced by bacteria
sorting fecal
loc: surrounding the small intestine
sigmoid is intra- peritoneal( jelly peritetion)

Front 46

colon parts

Back 46

ceceum
ascending
trasverse
sigmoid
rectum
anal canal

Front 47

omentral appenics?
haustra?

Back 47

serous of colon contains numourous teardrop shape
haustra: series of pouches that allow a long at I on in colon

Front 48

taeniae coil

Back 48

separate longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle on outer surface of the colon

Front 49

epithelium of colon

Back 49

simple columnar epithelium with many foveolae

Front 50

colon histolgy

Back 50

thinner wall
lack of villi
globlet cells are abundant
large intestine has distinctive crypts, deeper gland
large lymphoid nodes
no longitudinal layer,it reduced to taenia coli

Front 51

rectum location

Back 51

retro peritoneal
internal and external sphincters

Front 52

anus canal epithelium
end anus

Back 52

stratified sqoumus nonkratinised ( same as mouth)
similar to skin keratinised

Front 53

rectum epithelium

Back 53

single layer columnar epithelium

Front 54

liver( hepar) location

Back 54

it start from right colic flexure( khamshodegie roode bozorg) to left colic flexure, next to spleen
intra peritoneal organ

Hint 54

Front 55

liver lobes

Back 55

right lobe
quadrate lobe
left lobe

Front 56

falciform ligament

Back 56

anterior surface , a ventral mesentery , the falciform ligament mark division between lobs

Front 57

four loubs of livet

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left
right
quardratic
caudate lobe

Front 58

gastry secretory cells tepys: mucousae neck cell fun

Back 58

mocouse neck shape cells are columnar in shape, for lubrication

Front 59

gastry secretory cells tepy chief cell or peptic cell

Back 59

secret pepsinogen convert by acid to pepsin( protein digestion)
newborn baby stomach produce rennin and gastric lipase( milk digestion)

Front 60

gastry secretory cells tepys: mucousae parental cell fun

Back 60

intrinsic factor --> fascilitate absorption of vitamin B12and hydrochloric acid HCL---> kills microorganism, breal dpwn cell wall of food
activate secretion of chief cells

Front 61

gastry secretory cells tepys: enteroendpcrine cell fun

Back 61

g cells: most abundant in gastric pits of pyloric region( secret gastric)

Front 62

gastin hormones fun

Back 62

active parental and chief cells and smooth muscle activity

Front 63

blood supply to stomach

Back 63

three branches of celiac trunk
1- left gastric artrey: lesser curvature and cardiac
2- the splenic artrey: supply the fundus and greater curvature
3- coomon hepatic:lesser and greatur of pylorus

Front 64

plicae circularis

Back 64

number of villi projecting into the lumenof the small intestine.

Front 65

affarent blood vessels and other structure reach the liver by traveling by connective tissue known as

Back 65

porta hepatis

Front 66

two blood vessels deliver blood to liver

Back 66

hepatic artrey proper
hepatic portal veib

Front 67

liver function

Back 67

1-metabolic regulation
2-hematological regulation: remove old rbc , synthesize plasma proteon
3-synthesize and secretion of bile

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hepatocyte

Back 68

liver cell

Front 69

kupffer

Back 69

type of phagocyte and macrophage cells

Front 70

liver fun

Back 70

fat metabolism-> oxidizing triglycerides, synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipid
carbohydrate metabolism-> conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids and triglycirids, regulation of blood glucose by glycogenolysis, glyconeogenisis
protein metabolism-> synthesis of plasma proteins( albumin, coagulations),synthesis of non essential amino acids,detoxification or metabolic waste ( ammonia)
storage-> glycogen, vitamins A,D,K,B12, iron, copper
intermediary metabolism-> detoxification of drugs and toxins( alcohol,industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals)
secretion--> bile, hormones( igf, thrombopoietin,angiotensin)

Front 71

bile canaliculi

Back 71

network canals between hepatocytes in liver

Front 72

cystic duct

Back 72

duct connective gall bladder to common duct

Front 73

cystic artrey

Back 73

blood vessel of gall bladder

Front 74

panxretic acini

Back 74

secretory unit in pancreas( exocrine)

Front 75

epithelium of collecting ducts

Back 75

larger collecting ducts lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium
smaller collecting ducts lined by simple cuboidal epithelium mucouse

Front 76

pancreatic ducts secret buffers

Back 76

HCO3( sudium bicarbonate) and water

Front 77

pancreatic islet

Back 77

endocrine cells in oancreae

Front 78

pp cells secret

Back 78

pancreatic polypeptide control nutrient absorption

Front 79

sigma cells secret

Back 79

somatostatine, slows food absorption

Front 80

betta cells secretion

Back 80

insulin
decrease blood glucose

Front 81

alpha cells absorption

Back 81

glucagen
increase blood suger