Digestion Ii Stomach, Intestin, Colon, Rectum

Front 1

what are the 4 layers of the espohagus?

Back 1

-musoca
-submucosa
-muscularis externa
-adventita

Front 2

muscosa

Back 2

-stratified non keratinized squamous epithelium to provide wear n’ tear epithelium
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

Front 3

submucosa

Back 3

-contains mucous glands to help lubricate the surface of the tube

Front 4

muscularis externa of esophagus

Back 4

-contains 2 layers in espohagus
-inner cicular muscle
-outer longitudinal muscle

Front 5

espohagus muscle layers of muscularis externa

Back 5

-upper 1/3 is skeletal
-middle 1/3 is mixed
-lower 1/3 is smooth muscle

Front 6

why different muscle differences in the espohagus?

Back 6

You need skeletal m. in the upper 1/3 for the initiation of swallowing. Once it gets into the tube, peristaltic contractions (non-voluntary) take it through the rest of the tubular GIT

Front 7

lower esophageal sphincter

Back 7

-aka cardiac sphincter or gastroesophageal sphincter
-prevents refluc of gastric contents into espohagus

Front 8

Barrett's esophagus

Back 8

-condition that develops with peeps who have chronic gstroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or esophagitis
-normal squamous cells turn into columnar cells lining the esophagus

Front 9

stomach

Back 9

- exocrine and endocrine organ that functions to digest carbos, lipids, and proteins
-secretes hormones
-small amount of absorption
lined by simple columnar epithelial cells
-has 3 muscle layers in muscularis externa

Front 10

what are the 4 regions of the stomach?

Back 10

-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pyloric antrum

Front 11

cardia region

Back 11

-at entrance of esophagus into stomach
-lamina propria contains branched tubular cardiac glands that produce mucous and lysozme

Front 12

fundus and body region

Back 12

-contain fundic glands with shallow pits and long glands of parietal, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells

Front 13

pylorus region

Back 13

-contains pyloric glands of pale staining mucous secreting cells with basal nuceli
-have deep pits and short glands that produce mucous and lysozme

Front 14

gastric glands

Back 14

-arise from foveolae holes on the surface lining of stomach that attach to gastric pits
-isthmus
-neck
-base

Front 15

what are the 3 gastric gland cell types?

Back 15

-Mucous neck cells,
-parietal cells chief cells
-enteroendocrine cells.

Front 16

where do gastric glands open to?

Back 16

-base of gastric pits where surface epithelium cells extend into

Front 17

surface mucous cells

Back 17

-simple columnar epithelium
-secrete neutral mucous to protect stomach wall from acidic jucies

Front 18

mucous neck cells

Back 18

-found in neck of gastric gland
-secrete acidic mucous

Front 19

parietal (oxyntic cells)

Back 19

-secrete HCL and instrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption
-have intracellular canalicular system
-microvilli

Front 20

Vitamin B12

Back 20

-needed for DNA synthesis
- lack can result in pernicious anemia caused by autoimmune gastritis in ileum

Front 21

chief cells (zymogenic)

Back 21

-basophilic protein
-secrete pepsinogen, lipase and rennin (chymosin)
-filled with zymogen granules
-activated by vagus nerve and secretin

Front 22

pepsin

Back 22

-came from pepsinogen in acid of lumen

Front 23

enteroendocrine cells

Back 23

-secrete hormones that regulate function of the gut
-largest endocrine organ in body
-open type cells, located at BM near blood vessels of lamina propira
-and closed cell type

Front 24

what are types of enteroendocrine cells?

Back 24

-gastrin producing cells (g-cells)
-somatostain-producing cells (D cells)

Front 25

gastrin producing cells (g-cells)

Back 25

-stimulate production of acid and pepsinogen

Front 26

somatostain producing cells (D cells)

Back 26

-inhibit G cells and acid production

Front 27

how do active vs. inactive parietal cells differ?

Back 27

Active parietal cells exhibit an invagination of the apical surface membrane to form intracellular canaliculi. These serve to increase the cells apical surface area for secretion of large volumes of HCl.

Front 28

which of the gastric gland cell type is not found in either cardiac or pyloric gland?

Back 28

- no chief cells
-very few parital cells

Front 29

What 3 structures in the small intestine help to increase surface area for absorption?

Back 29

-Submucosal folds (plicae circularis);
-villi;
-microvilli

Front 30

what is function of small intestine?

Back 30

-absorption of nutrient and terminal food digestion and endocrine secretion

Front 31

plicae circularis (valves of Kerckring)

Back 31

-permanent folds of the small intestine lining consistin of mucoas and submucosa
-best developed in jejunum

Front 32

intestinal villi

Back 32

-outgrowths of musoca of small intestine
-has lympthatic lacteal

Front 33

intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

Back 33

-located b/w intestianl villi which secrete muscus

Front 34

what are the 6 cell types in the small intestine?

Back 34

Enterocyte;
Paneth cell,
enteroendocrine cell,
goblet cell,
undifferentiated cells,
M cells

Front 35

enterocytes

Back 35

-absorb nutrients, process lipids, transport to blood stream
-found on apical surface with globet cells
-facilated diffusion = amino acids and monosaccarides
passive diffusion = lipids
pinoctyosis = large molecules

Front 36

globet cells

Back 36

-secrete acidic mucous to protect from bacteria and lubrication

Front 37

paneth cells

Back 37

-produce protein polysaccharide complex located at base of crypt
-acidophilic granules w/ zymogenic granules lysozyme

Front 38

enteroendorcines cells of small intestine

Back 38

-secrete cholecystekinin (CCK) and secretin

Front 39

cholecytekinin (CCK)

Back 39

-stimulates secretion of pancreatic eneyzmes and gallbladder contraction and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Front 40

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Back 40

- decreases gastric acid production and motilin (increases guts motility)

Front 41

secretin

Back 41

-stimulates bicarbonate releaase from pancreas to help break down fat

Front 42

undiffertiated cells

Back 42

-located in base of intestinal crypt that regenerate absorptive, goblet, and panteh cells (3-5 day turnover)

Front 43

M (microfold cells)

Back 43

-overlie lympoid nodules adn Peyer's patches
-initiate immune response by endocytose antigens to lymph nodes

Front 44

which intestinal cells are not found with the epithelial lining of the colon?

Back 44

-paneth cells

Front 45

which region of the GI tract exhibits submuscol glands?

Back 45

duodenum and espahogous

Front 46

what is the function of duodenal Brunner's gland in duodenum?

Back 46

-located in submucosa
They secrete large volumes of bicarbonate secretions to neutral the acidic nature of the materials entering the duodenum.

Front 47

Peyer's patches

Back 47

-lymphoid noduels clusters located only in lamina propira of ileum and push down to submuscoa obliterating the muscular muscoa layer
-gives ileum high permability and leakiness

Front 48

what is the general trend, proximal to distal in the small intestine?

Back 48

-globlet cells get more numerous
-lympoid tissue remains the same
-villicus height gets shorter

Front 49

what is the sigificance of the trend in the small intestine with certain cells?

Back 49

Goblet cells: you need more lubrication as the chyme begins to get thicker/loose moisture; lymphoid: the intestinal epithelium gets more permeable; villous height: they become shorter and stouter to withstand shearing forces.

Front 50

colon

Back 50

-converts undigested material from small intestine to feces by removing water and adding mucous
-no villi or plicae circularis (b/c of tougness of feces)
-has taenia coli

Front 51

what region of the colon does not contain taeniae coli?

Back 51

-rectum
-appendix

Front 52

What is the trend of globet cell concentration in the large intestine?

Back 52

Goblet cells increase in number from proximal to distal along the length of the colon. To lubricate the mucosal surface for the passage of fecal material.

Front 53

what epithelial transtion is observed at the petinate line?

Back 53

simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous non keratinizing epithelium

Front 54

what epithelial transition is observed at Hilton's white line?

Back 54

stratified squamous non keratinizing to stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium