Digestion, Excretion, Nervous, Muscle, Hormones

Front 1

Intracellular digestion vs Extracellular Digestion.

Back 1

Intracell=in cell
Extracell= in digestive cavity ( stomach)
Digested first in extracell, then absorbed via intracell.

Front 2

Give the break down for
1. starches
2. proteins
3. fats
4. nucleic acids

Back 2

1. glucose
2. amino acids
3. glycerol + fatty acids
4. nucleotides

Front 3

What does the Salivary Amylase breakdown?

Back 3

Starch into maltose ( dissaccharide)

Front 4

Pharynx

Back 4

Throat

Front 5

Epiglottis

Back 5

Blocks the trachea so that food only enters the esophagus

Front 6

Food tube

Back 6

esophagus

Front 7

bolus vs chyme

Back 7

bolus= just food
chyme- food, water, and gastric juice

Front 8

Describe what happens during the physical break down in the stomach

Back 8

Break down food,
HCl denatures proteins
HCl kills most bacteria

Front 9

Pepsin

Back 9

Chemically breaks ( digest) down proteins.

Front 10

Pepsinogen

Back 10

The inactive form of pepsin:
The stomach cells are protected by secreting inactive pepsin.
It becomes active with HCl.

Front 11

Name the 4 function of stomach

Back 11

1. storage
2. mixing
3. physical breakdown
4. chemical breakdown

Front 12

pyloric sphincter

Back 12

Valve at the end of the stomach that connects to the small intestine

Front 13

Duodenum
1. location
2. function

Back 13

1. The first 25 inches of small intestine
2. Continues digestion of starches and proteins.

Front 14

Name some of the organs that contribute enzymes for the small intestine to use

Back 14

1. Small Intestine
2. Pancreas
3. Liver.

Front 15

Small Intestine Enzymes

Back 15

1. Proteolytic enzymes ( AKA Proteases: enzymes that digest proteins. ex: aminopeptidase)
2. Maltase and Lactaase ( Digest disaccharides)
3. Phosphatases ( digestion of nucleotides)

Front 16

Trypsin

Back 16

pancreas
protease

Front 17

chymotrypsin

Back 17

pancreas
protease

Front 18

lipase
1. organ
2. function

Back 18

pancreas
digest fat

Front 19

pancreatic amylase

Back 19

digest starch

Front 20

Name the 4 enzymes from the pancreas.

Back 20

1. Trypsin
2. Chymotrypsin
3. lipase
4. Pancreatic amylase

Front 21

DIGESTION:
LIVER

What does it secrete?

Back 21

Bile: Emulsify fats

Front 22

DIGESTION:
BILE
1. What is bile NOT?
2. Function?
3. Where is it stored in?

Back 22

Bile: Emulsify fats
*Bile IS NOT AN ENZYME*
-also helps to neutralize the HCl in the chyme bc its alkaline.
-Stored in gallbladder

Front 23

DIGESTION:
SMALL INTESTINE
1. What are the structures of the en?
2. What goes into the blood capillaries vs the lymphatic system?

Back 23

1.Villi and Microvilli
2.Amino acids and sugars are absorbed into the blood capillaries
Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lymphatic system.

Front 24

DIGESTION:
LARGE INTESTINE
1. Where exactly is feces stored in?
2. What is located at the beginning?In herbivores, what is this strx called?

Back 24

1. Rectum ( the last section)
2. Appendix, Cecum ( helps in digestion of cellulose)

Front 25

DIGESTION:
What is the name of the 3 hormones involved in digestion?

Back 25

1. Gastrin
2. Secretin
3. Cholesytokinin.

Front 26

DIGESTION:

Gastrin

Back 26

1. Stomach
2. Stimulates other cells of the stomach to produce gastric juices too.

Front 27

DIGESTION:

Secretin

Back 27

1. Duodenum
2. Stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate ion

Front 28

DIGESTION:

Cholecystokinin

Back 28

1. Small Intestine
2. Released bc of fats
3. Stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release its enzymes,

Front 29

MUSCLES:

Sarcolemma

Back 29

Plasma membrane of the muscle cell.
Tranverse tubules run thru it

Front 30

MUSCLES:

Sarcoplasm

Back 30

Cytoplasm of muscle

Contains the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 31

MUSCLES:

Nucleus

Back 31

Multinucleated
Lie on the periphery

Front 32

MUSCLES:

Myofibrils

Back 32

Actin and Myosin

Hint: myo= muscle
fibrils= fibers
thus, muscle fibers are actin and myosin

Front 33

MUSCLES:

Actin

Back 33

2 thin filaments, troponin and tropomyosin covers the binding sites

Front 34

MUSCLES:

Saromere

Back 34

Each repeating unit

Front 35

MUSCLES:

Zline

What does it do and what is attached to it?

Back 35

Separates the sarcomeres,
Actin is attached to it.

Front 36

MUSCLE:
Explain the sliding filament model.

Back 36

d

Front 37

MUSCLE:

Skeletal

Back 37

Multi nucleated
Striated

Front 38

MUSCLE:

Smooth muscle

Back 38

-no striations bc of arrangement of actin and myosin
-multi nucleated
-no transverse tubules
- slower contraction.
-function: to advance the movement of substances.

Front 39

MUSCLE

Cardiac :

nucleus, striation, junction?

Back 39

-Single nucleus
-striated
-high branched with gap junctions ( transports the action potential fast)

Front 40

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:

Osmoregulation:

Back 40

Maintaining proper water /solute balance between organism and surroundings.

Front 41

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:

Contractile Vacuoles

Which organism has it? and what does it do?

Back 41

Protists ( Paramecia and amoebas)
Accumalate water, merge with plasma membrane and then released it

Front 42

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:

Flame cells

Back 42

Platyhelminthes and Planaria

Body fluids run past it and wastes are excreted via the pores

hint: its kinda funny how the simple, plain and flat platyhelminthes would have something like FLAME cells

Front 43

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:

Nephridia

Back 43

Earthworms

Tube like

Front 44

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:

Malpighian tubule

Back 44

Arthropod

Front 45

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:

Nephron

Back 45

The entire loop itself.
Its the single unit..a bunch of these make up the kidney

Front 46

EXCRETION:

Cortex

Back 46

Convoluted Tubules and Bowman's Capsule

Front 47

EXCRETION:

Medulla

Back 47

Loop of Henle, ascending, descending, collecting duct

Front 48

EXCRETION:

Bowman's Capsule

Back 48

Pressure forces the solution in.
Keeps out large substances, such as RBC, and proteins
Smaller things like glucose, salts, vitamins enter

Front 49

EXCRETION:

Afferent arteriole
vs
Effferent arteriole

Back 49

Renal artery

Affferent arteriole = enters glom
vs
Effferent arteriole= leaves glom

Front 50

EXCRETION:
Filtration

active or passive?

Back 50

passive

Front 51

EXCRETION:

secretion

1. active/passive
2. where does it occur?

Back 51

active and passive

occurs at proximal and distal convoluted tubule

Front 52

EXCRETION:

Renal Pelvis

Back 52

exists

Front 53

EXCRETION:

Reabsorption

Back 53

Down the loop of Henle=Conentrated water is absorbed.
Up Henle=Dilute. Passive and active reabsorb of salts.
At the end of Henle, the filtrate is not more concentrated, the interstitial fluids are more concentrated with salts.

Front 54

EXCRETION:

ADH

Back 54

ADH

Increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water.
Increases the resorption of water= concentrated urine, AND increases the salts in urine

Front 55

EXCRETION:

Aldosterone

Back 55

ALDOSTERONE

Acts on distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Makes them absorb Na+, thus water passively follows.

Front 56

EXCRETION:
How do fishes, mammals, and birds/insects/reptiles deal with ammonia NH3?

Back 56

Fishes= excrete NH3 directly into the water
Mammals= converted into UREA in the livers.
Birds/insects/Reptiles= Convert Urea=> Uric Acid. (becomes solid) , this conserves water.

Front 57

TISSUE
What are the 4 different types of tissues?

Back 57

1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Nervous Tissue
4. Muscle Tissue

Front 58

TISSUE:

What does the connective tissue comprise of?

Back 58

Bone, Cartliage, Blood

Front 59

Ectotherm

Back 59

Animals who rely on heat from the environment. -Coldblooded

Aka: poikilotherms

Front 60

Endotherm

Back 60

Warmblooded

Front 61

Name the 4 ways respiration can occur and the animals

Back 61

1. Directly diffuse with environment= Platyhelminths
2. Gills
3. Trachae=tubes. Air enters thru spiracles. Insects
4. Lungs.=mammals. Book lungs=spiders.

Front 62

Larynx

Back 62

voice box with vocal cords

Front 63

What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

Back 63

Deoxygenated Blood
Inferior and exterior vena cava
Right Atrium ( SA node)
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery to go to lungs to get oxygenated. Return via Pulmonary Vein.
Left atria
Mitral/bicuspid valve
Left ventriicle
pumps up blood. out thru aorta (semilunar valve)

Front 64

What is the electrical path of the heart?

Back 64

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, purkinge fibers.

Front 65

systole vs diastole

Back 65

systole: ventricles contact
diastole: ventricles relax.

Front 66

lub dup

Back 66

Closing of AV valves and closing of semi lunar valves.

Front 67

NERVOUS SYSTEM

dendrite
axon

Back 67

dendrite: receives stimuli
axon: sends nerve impulses.

Front 68

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sensory Neurons
Interneurons
Motor Neurons

Back 68

Sensory Neurons= Afferent Neurons
Interneurons= located in spinal cord. they receive info from sensory neurons and relays it to motor neurons
Motor Neurons= Efferent Neurons

Front 69

NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Resting Potential
2. Action Potential
3. Repolarization
4. Hyperpolarization
5. Refractory Period.

Back 69

1. Resting Potential
2. Action Potential
3. Repolarization
4. Hyperpolarization
5. Refractory Period.

Front 70

NERVOUS SYSTEM

What gives the overall negative charge ?

Back 70

The large negatively charged proteins and nucleic acids.

Front 71

NERVOUS SYSTEM

dendrite
axon

Back 71

dendrite: receives stimuli
axon: sends nerve impulses.

Front 72

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sensory Neurons
Interneurons
Motor Neurons

Back 72

Sensory Neurons= Afferent Neurons
Interneurons= located in spinal cord. they receive info from sensory neurons and relays it to motor neurons
Motor Neurons= Efferent Neurons

Front 73

NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Resting Potential
2. Action Potential
3. Repolarization
4. Hyperpolarization
5. Refractory Period.

Back 73

1. Resting Potential
2. Action Potential
3. Repolarization
4. Hyperpolarization
5. Refractory Period.

Front 74

NERVOUS SYSTEM

What gives the overall negative charge ?

Back 74

The large negatively charged proteins and nucleic acids.

Front 75

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Explain what happens at the synapse

Back 75

s

Front 76

Acetylcholine

location?

Back 76

Between motor neurons and muscle cells

Front 77

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

where do they work?

Back 77

Between neurons and CNS

Front 78

GABA

Back 78

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain

Front 79

Somatic Nervous System

Back 79

Directs contraction of skeletal muscles

Front 80

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 80

Controls the activities of organs and various involuntary muscles such as cardiac and smooth muscles.

Front 81

Hormones

Back 81

They may be steroids, peptides, or modified amino acids.

Front 82

2 hormones of the Post. Pit

Back 82

ADH and oxytocin.

Front 83

Parathyroid hormone

What happens at the bone level and at the kidney level?

Back 83

Increases Ca+

-Stimulates the Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys and Ca2+ release from the bones.

Front 84

cAMP

Back 84

2nd messengers to activate the target cell .

Front 85

d

Back 85

d