Digestion And Nutrition - Final Exam Ha

Front 1

what are the 4 layers of the walls that make up the alimentary canals?

Back 1

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular
Serosa

Front 2

what are the properties of the mucosa layer of the alimentary canal?

Back 2

internal layer that consists of epithelium with an underling tissue layer called the lamina propria and thin layer of smooth muscle

Front 3

what is the lamina prproa?

Back 3

area contianing blood vessels and lymphatic tissues

Front 4

what is the thin layer of smooth muscle tissue called in the mucosa layer?

Back 4

mucosa musularis

Front 5

what does the submucosa consist of ?

Back 5

loose connective tissue , lymphatic blood vessels, nerves and lymphoid tissue

Front 6

what does teh muscularis layer of the alimentary canal consist of ?

Back 6

2 smooth muscle layers
- circular -internal
- longituidinal layer- outer

Front 7

what is the serosa ?

Back 7

outermost layer of the alimetnary canal consisting of a layer of connective tissue that merges into the visceral peritinea

Front 8

what is adventia

Back 8

serosa of the rectum mouth esophagus

Front 9

what is mixing in the canal?

Back 9

contraction of longituinal and circular muscles with digestive enzymes

Front 10

what are the porpelling movements of the alimentary canal called?

Back 10

Peristalsis or swallowing

Front 11

what is peritoneum?

Back 11

serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity

Front 12

what is the peritoneal cavity?

Back 12

serous membrane that secretes watery fluid that surrounds organs helping to lubricate them

Front 13

how many liters a day of fluid does the peritonum produce?

Back 13

7 liters

Front 14

what are mesenteries?

Back 14

serous membranes formed by 2 layers of visceral peritonem

Front 15

what is the function of mesenteries?

Back 15

hold organs in place and serve as a passage way for BV and laymphatics that serve the digestive tract

Front 16

what are intraperitoneal organs?

Back 16

organs encased in the visceral peritoneum

Front 17

what are retroperitoneal organs?

Back 17

organs outside of the peritoneal cavity
rectum uterus bladder kidneys

Front 18

what are seondarily retroperitoneal organs?

Back 18

organs that are covered on one surface by the parietal peritoneium
pancreas duodenum

Front 19

where is the myenteric plexus found?

Back 19

nerves that come together withint the submucosa and serosa

Front 20

what is parietal peritoneum?

Back 20

the outter layer attached to the abdominal wall

Front 21

what is teh viceral layer?

Back 21

the inner layer wrapped around the internal organs

Front 22

what is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum?

Back 22

peritoneal cavity

Front 23

what is the function of the myenteric plexus?

Back 23

regulate muscular reflex actions in response to proprioreceptors in the muscles known as stretch receptors

Front 24

what are charateristics of the lips?

Back 24

highly mobile and posses a variety of sensory receptors

Front 25

what do the cheeks consist of?

Back 25

outer layers of skin, fat pads muscles sesnory receptors

Front 26

where is the oral cavity proper?

Back 26

between the teeth and lips

Front 27

what designates the oral cavity?

Back 27

otherside of the jaw and teeth

Front 28

what separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?

Back 28

hard and soft palate

Front 29

what is the uvula?

Back 29

hangs from the soft palate and contains sensory receptors that respond when wer are trying to swallow something to large

Front 30

what are the epithelial lining of the cheeks made of?

Back 30

stratified squamous epithelium and mucus secreting cells

Front 31

what is the oral mucosa?

Back 31

epithelial lining of the cheeks

Front 32

what is the floor of the oral cavity made of?

Back 32

the tongue

Front 33

what does the tongue do in digestion?

Back 33

helps to mix the food with digestive enxymes and push the food into the oropharynx to be swallowed

Front 34

what is the fauces?

Back 34

beteween the uvula and the back of the tongue and represents the end of the oral cavity

Front 35

what is the rough part of the tongue?

Back 35

papillae

Front 36

what types of papillae are there?

Back 36

fungiform- look like mushrooms
Circumvalate- circular
filiform - long and thin

Front 37

what is the lingual frenulum?

Back 37

small atachment of the tongue that helps with speech

Front 38

what is the lingual tonsils?

Back 38

root of the tongue

Front 39

what are the intrinsic muscles of the tonuge responsible for?

Back 39

fine movements of the tongue

Front 40

what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue responsible for?

Back 40

responsible for large movements of the tongue

Front 41

what nerve helps to regulate the tongue movements?

Back 41

hypoglossial nerve 12

Front 42

which palate covers the opening of the nasal cavity when swallowing?

Back 42

soft palate

Front 43

what is the vestibule?

Back 43

space between the lips cheeks and teeth

Front 44

what tonsils are found in the oral cavity?

Back 44

palatine tonsils
pharyngeal tonsils

Front 45

how many primary teeth are there?

Back 45

20

Front 46

How many secondary teeth are there?

Back 46

32

Front 47

how are the teeth held into the bony sockets of the mouth?

Back 47

periodontal ligaments made of dense connective tissue

Front 48

what is the cementum?

Back 48

covers the root providing protection and firmly anchoring the periodontal ligament

Front 49

what is the primary purpose of incisors?

Back 49

cutting food

Front 50

what are the primary purpose of canines?

Back 50

shredding

Front 51

what is the primary purpose of premolars and molars?

Back 51

grinding

Front 52

what are teeth?

Back 52

bony structures embedded in the jaw bone used for mechanical processing of food

Front 53

what is the crown of the tooth?

Back 53

exposed portion

Front 54

what is the region where the root and the crown come together?

Back 54

the neck

Front 55

what is the crown covered by?

Back 55

enamal- mineralized tissue

Front 56

what is found underneath enamel?

Back 56

dentine

Front 57

what is dentine?

Back 57

has cells and processes and is very similar to compact bone?

Front 58

what is found inside the dentine?

Back 58

pulp cavity

Front 59

what is the pulp cavity?

Back 59

spongy and highly vascularized contain entrances and exits for BV & nerves by way of the root canal

Front 60

what is Gingiva?

Back 60

tissue that covers the jaw bone and adjacent to the teeth

Front 61

what do the salivary glands secrete?

Back 61

saliva
salivary amylase - break down carbohydrates

Front 62

what cells are found in the salivary glands?

Back 62

serous cells- digestive enzymes
mucous cells

Front 63

salivary glands are considered the _____ accessory structure of the digestive tract?

Back 63

first

Front 64

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

Back 64

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

Front 65

what are the parotid salivary glands?

Back 65

largest salavary glands which secrete the majority of the salivary enzymes

Front 66

what are the submandibular salivary glands?

Back 66

found on either side of the lingual frenulum and secrete enzymes and mucous

Front 67

what is the sublingual salivary glands

Back 67

found on either side of the lingual frenulum open on lateral edges of the tongue secrete mucus

Front 68

what are the 3 stages of swallowing called?

Back 68

buccal stage
Pharyngeal phase
esophageal phase

Front 69

what does the buccal state consist of ?

Back 69

mixing food with saliva to form a bolis--> down into the oropharnyx

- regulated by skeletal muscles and voluntary motor control from cerebrum

Front 70

what does the pharyngeal phase consist of?

Back 70

involuntary reflex actions that move the boils into the esophagus

Front 71

what does the esophageal phase consist of?

Back 71

food is transported into the stomach

Front 72

what is the function of the esophagus?

Back 72

passageway for food

Front 73

what is found at the inferior end of the esophagus?

Back 73

esophageal sphincter

Front 74

what are the walls of the esophagus composed of?

Back 74

stratified squamous epithelium
mucus secreting glands
(towards stomach) simple columnar
musularis

Front 75

how is the musularis organized in the esophagus?

Back 75

Skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal and smooth
smooth muscle

Front 76

what is the function of the stomach?

Back 76

receive, mix, absorption, and movement of food into S.I

Front 77

what are gastric juices?

Back 77

enzymes and acids that break down proteins within food particles

Front 78

what is stomach churning?

Back 78

the mechanical processing of the bolis turning it into chyme

Front 79

what are the folds of the mucosa of the stomach called?

Back 79

rugae- contain gastric glands

Front 80

what are the 3 muscle layers of the muscularis of the stomach?

Back 80

outter longituidinal layer
ciruclar muscular layer
oblique muscular layer

Front 81

what is the alternate contraction of the three 3 muscle layers called?

Back 81

churning

Front 82

what valve from the stomach leads to the small intestine?

Back 82

the pyloric sphincter

Front 83

what do gastric glands secrete?

Back 83

gastric juices made of : pepsin , HCL

Front 84

what are the cells within gastric glands?

Back 84

parietal
cheif
enteroendoctrine

Front 85

what are parietal cells?

Back 85

foudn in middle of gastric glads secrete intrensic factor and HCL

Front 86

what are chief cells?

Back 86

secrete precursers to pepsin called pepsinogen

Front 87

what do enteroendoctrine cells secrete?

Back 87

gastrin which regulates secretions of parietal and chief cells

Front 88

what is renin?

Back 88

secreted by stomach glands during infancy used to coagulate protiens

Front 89

what things are absorbed through the stomach walls?

Back 89

water and small molecules such as ethanol and lipid soluble drugs

Front 90

what bacteria is the cause for ulcers?

Back 90

helicobacterpyli

Front 91

what is mixing activity of the stomach stimulated by?

Back 91

the presence of food in the stomach

Front 92

what moves the chyme into the pyloric region of the stomach?

Back 92

peristalic waves stimulated by Gastrin hormone

Front 93

what does the rate of emptying depend on?

Back 93

dependent on the fluidity of the chyme and type of food present

Front 94

food high in protien stimulates ____ hormones causing the stomach to empty slower?

Back 94

Inhibitor

Front 95

what is the duodenum?

Back 95

where the stomach empties and the primary area of chemical digestion

Front 96

where does the duodenum recieve secretions from?

Back 96

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Front 97

what does the pancreaus produce?

Back 97

pancreatic juice

Front 98

what does pancreatic juice consist of?

Back 98

mixture of enzymes for breaking down lipases carbohydrates nucleases and protiens

Front 99

what enzymes break down protiens?

Back 99

protineases and peptidates

Front 100

what is bicarbonate?

Back 100

biproduct of pancreatic juices that acts as a buffer and nutrilizes acidity of chyme

Front 101

where does the pancreatic duct lead?

Back 101

duodenum

Front 102

what are the functions of the liver?

Back 102

metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and protiens
destruction of toxic chemicals

Front 103

what does the liver secrete?

Back 103

bile

Front 104

where is the bile from the lobules carried ?

Back 104

bile duct and then the hepatic ducts

Front 105

what is the purpose of the gallbladder?

Back 105

stores bile

Front 106

what is the sphincter muscle of the gallbladder do?

Back 106

control the release of bile from the common bile duct

Front 107

where does the small intestine receive secretions from ?

Back 107

the pancreas and liver

Front 108

what is the function of the small intestine?

Back 108

completes digestion of nutrients and transports the residues to the large intestine

Front 109

what are the parts of the small intestine?

Back 109

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

Front 110

what is the structure of the wall of the small intestine?

Back 110

lined with villi - aid in mixing and absorption
glands btwn villi

Front 111

what are the secretions of the small instestine?

Back 111

mucus and digestive enzymes

Front 112

what are the secretions of the small intestine enhanced by?

Back 112

the presence of gastric juice and chyme

Front 113

what are the movements of the small intestine?

Back 113

mixing and peristalsis

Front 114

what valve controls the movment of intestinal contents from the small intestine to the large intestine?

Back 114

ileocecal valve found in the cecum

Front 115

what is the function of the large intestine?

Back 115

reabsorb water and electrolytes, form and store feces

Front 116

what are the parts of the large intestine?

Back 116

cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

Front 117

how many bands of longitudianl muscles?

Back 117

3 taenia coli

Front 118

what are feces?

Back 118

largely water and undigested material, mucus and bacteria

Front 119

why is feces brown?

Back 119

bile salts