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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why animals eat? |
For energy (muscle activity) Food for offspring Production of gametes Proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are the main contituents of cells- some basic molecular constituents cannot be synthesised To get key metabolites- i.e. Vitamins and micronutrients |
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What is the second law of thermodynamics ? |
Maintainence of body organisation requires constant input of energy |
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What are animals described as? |
Dynamic open systems - once they loose energy to the encoveoment they must recover it from external sources |
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Ways energy is lost from animals |
Biosynthesis(growth) Repair Movement Digestion Metabolic pathways |
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The nutrition cycle |
Nutrients needs - synthetic abilities determines how much needs to be ingested Feeding - occurs to meet nutrient needs Digestive breakdown or fermentation breakdown-microbial symbionts breakdown Material Absorption - Nutrients delivered to cells |
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Feeding systems reflect what? |
An animals ecological niche and feeding habits will changed according to nutritional needs |
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Function detritpvores and the types |
They feed on raw organic matter ie earthworms Endrogeic- rich top soil- horizontal burrows- small- no pigmentation Epigeic- litter feeder- no burrows - small- pigmentation Anecic- litter and soil- vertical burrows- large- dorsally pigmented |
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What are scavengers? |
Omnivorous feeders on dead remains |
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What do herbivores eat? And e.g of how |
Feed on live plant Snail- uses radular apparatus pushed down - alterating contractions of the protractor and retractor muscles- pulls radular ribbon across cartaliginous rod- teeth scrape the surface - radula ribbon with teeth- cartilaginous rod- |
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Predator hunting strategies |
Ambush - some have specialised structure to immobalise prey- web spider Stalking - stalk prey until within distance - use specialised hunting structures i.e. Tentacles , harpoon like radular tooth of cone snail( some Gastropoda have modified radulas according to hunting strategy) Suspension feeding- specialised appendages (setae-sprimp) to capture small food particle s- provides basic nutrients |
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Predator hunting strategies |
Ambush - (snakes crocodiles) some have specialised structure to immobalise prey- web spider Stalking - stalk prey until within distance - (chameleons and frogs)use specialised hunting structures i.e. Tentacles , harpoon like radular tooth of cone snail( some Gastropoda have modified radulas according to hunting strategy) Suspension feeding- specialised appendages (setae-sprimp) to capture small food particle s- provides basic nutrients Suction feeding- fish Filter feeding- large whales - muscular tongue pushes water out trapping food particles in baleen plates (frayed fibres)- gill rakers concentrate particles at back of throats for swallowing Running predators (carnivores ) |
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Structure of a polyp |
Tentacle mouth Out to in Epidermis, gastrodermis with agal cells, gastrocascular cavity |
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4 regions of digestive system |
Headgut( captures and prepares food for digestion) Foregut (where digestion occurs) Midgut(first segment of absorption) Hindgut (second deferment of absorption |
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Bivalve digestion system |
Mucus stead contains food- pulled in by crystalline Style drived by cilia- digested by extracellular style enzymes - ciliary tracts bring food into digestive diverticulum- after digestion within a cell useful products enter blood and waste re enter digestive diverticulum and Carried away |
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Arthropod digestive system |
Insect Foregut - mouth (c) - oesophagus(c) - crop - proventriculus (C) anterior stomach chamber(contains bears ridges or teeth- functions as gastric mill) (C) posterior stomach -fine cuticular bristles(setae) Midgut -Ceca (c) -Malpighian tubules (C)-Hepatopancreas- production of digestive enzymes- large portion of nutrient absorption Hindgut -rectum -anus(c)
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Annelid digestive system |
Very similar insects Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Crop Gizzard Intestine anus |
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Vertebrate mouthparts |
Carnivore - large canine and incisors= kill prey, cut away pieces of flesh- jagged molars and premolars to shred food Herbivore- smaller cannines(sometimes absent) and incisors=moddified to biting of bits of veg, molars and premolars- broud and ridges surface- grinds tough plant material Omnivore- bladelike inscisors for biting, two bladleike caninesfor tearing , 4 premolars for grinding 6 molars for crushing |
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How is the Gnu specialised? |
A specialised grazer due to wider row of incisors- more affective at retrieving short grass from the ground |
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How is the Gnu specialised? |
A specialised grazer due to wider row of incisors- more affective at retrieving short grass from the ground |
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Fish amphibian and bird differences in digestive system |
Fish and birds have pyloric ceca Birds have a crop Amphibians have cloaca |
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Charatertisic of verteb digestive system |
Movement of food promoted by muscular contraction Digestion occurs inside cavity outside of cells Functional subdivision more pronounced in vertebrates Have a biliary system - essential for emulsifying lipids And pancreas |
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What's diferent about herbivore digestive system |
Have an enlarged cecum (rabbit) between mid and hindgut- principle fermentation chamber Pony - enlarged colon-( large intestine)fermentation chamber -symbiotic bacteria-plant material that's hard to digest Cow(ruminants)- Food (grass and boluses)into Rumen then into reticulum=contains mutualistics prokaryotes and protists - breakdown- cow periodically regurgitates food and chews (cud) again- reswallowed food goes into omasum- removes water- them to the Abomasum- digestion by own enzymes |
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Whale digestive system |
Duodenal ampulla , pyloric stomach, connecting chambers , main stomach |
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Mammal milk composition |
Comprised of caseins mostly - form structures called micelles- soluble in water also trap nutrients and vitamins |
