Digestion

Front 1

Mylohyoideus

Back 1

Muscle between the mandibles

Front 2

Geniohyoideus

Back 2

Muscle that runs from chin to hyoid apparatus

Front 3

Torus

Back 3

Thickening of the tongue with a rostral lingual fossa

Front 4

Styloglossus

Back 4

Extrinsic tongue muscle

Front 5

Genioglossus

Back 5

Extrinsic tongue muscle

Front 6

Hyoglossus

Back 6

Extrinsic tongue muscle

Front 7

Temporalis

Back 7

Jaw closing muscle from lateral cranium to top of mandible.

Front 8

Masseter

Back 8

Jaw closing muscle from maxilla and zygomatic process to lateral mandible. Lateral movement.

Front 9

Pterygoids

Back 9

Jaw closing muscle from pterygopalatine skull to medial mandible. Medial movement.

Front 10

Digastricus

Back 10

Jaw opening muscle from occipital bone to rostral aspect of mandible.

Front 11

Eructation

Back 11

Burping

Front 12

Buccinator

Back 12

Cheek muscle for inward movement

Front 13

Orbicularis Oris

Back 13

Muscle for closing lips

Front 14

Levator nasolabialis

Back 14

Muscle to lift nose and upper lip

Front 15

Levator labii superioris

Back 15

Muscle to lift upper lip

Front 16

Depressor labii inferioris

Back 16

Muscle to depress lower lip

Front 17

Caninus

Back 17

Muscle to lift upper lip

Front 18

Saccus caecus

Back 18

Large non glandular sac in the horse stomach

Front 19

Margo plicatus

Back 19

Boundary between non glandular and glandular regions of the gastric mucosa in a horse.

Front 20

Proventriculus

Back 20

Small cranial glandular stomach in birds

Front 21

Enterogastrones

Back 21

Local gut hormones produced by enterochromaffin cells. Includes gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide.

Front 22

Enterochromaffin Cells

Back 22

Found in the gut wall, these make enterogastrones including gastrin, secretin, histamine and cholecystokinin in different regions of the gut.

Front 23

Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)

Back 23

This form of motility in the small intestine pushes food down the GI tract

Front 24

Spasmolytics

Back 24

Drugs that bind to receptors and reduce GI tone and motility.

Front 25

Prokinetics

Back 25

Drugs that help to restore gastrointestinal motility to normal following 'injury'. Also an antiemetic.

Front 26

Phenothiazines

Back 26

Anti emetics that antagonize dopamine, and Ach

Front 27

Antispasmodics

Back 27

Reduce intestinal tone and motility.

Front 28

Cisapride

Back 28

Form of prokinetic

Front 29

Apomorphine

Back 29

Centrally acting emetic drug

Front 30

Gastrin

Back 30

Hormone that promotes gastric emptying. Increased through stretch, low pH in stomach and the presence of protein in the stomach.

Front 31

Secretin

Back 31

Hormone that reduces gastric emptying, stimulated by a fall in pH in duodenum and an increase in osmolality in the duodenum.

Front 32

Parietal Cell

Back 32

Cell that secretes HCl in the stomach.

Front 33

Chief cell

Back 33

Cell that secretes enzymes (pepsinogen) in the stomach

Front 34

Pepsinogen

Back 34

Enzyme secreted from chief cells for the breakdown of protein.

Front 35

Pepsin

Back 35

Active form of pepsinogen.

Front 36

H2 receptor antagonists

Back 36

Drug class that blocks the histamine receptor on parietal cells to reduce acid secretion.

Front 37

Proton pump inhibitors

Back 37

Class of drugs that block the active transport if H+ in parietal cells.

Front 38

Prostaglandin analogues

Back 38

A class of cytoprotective drugs that work to protect lining of stomach. Often used prophylactically.

Front 39

Sulcrafate

Back 39

Like a bandaid drug for ulcers, this forms a sticky adhering agent to protect an ulcer, as well as neutralizing agents.

Front 40

Antacids

Back 40

Work by neutralizing acid and decreasing person activity.

Front 41

Isthmus

Back 41

The bit connecting the gastric pit opening to the neck.

Front 42

Gastrin

Back 42

Produces by G cells in the pyloric antrum, and the pancreas, this hormone has widespread effects on the GIT, and aims to break down protein.

Front 43

Secretin

Back 43

Originates from S cells in duodenal mucosa, this hormone works to reduce acid in duodenum.

Front 44

Cholecystokinin

Back 44

Released from enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum, this hormone's aim is to breakdown fat and protein (stimulates pancreatic enzymes).

Front 45

Enterochromaffin Cells

Back 45

In the lamina propria of the stomach, these produce histamine to stimulate parietal cells.

Front 46

Islets of Langerhans

Back 46

Areas in the pancreas of a and b cells to secrete glucagon and insulin.

Front 47

Zymogen cells

Back 47

Aka tubuloacinar cells, these produce enzymes (trypsinogen, other proteases, lipase and amylase in the pancreas).

Front 48

Centroacinar cells

Back 48

Aka ductal cells, these pancreatic cells produce a buffering fluid (NaHCO3)

Front 49

Bile salts are made from...

Back 49

Cholesterol and either taurine or glycine amino acids

Front 50

Bile pigments are made from...

Back 50

Bilirubin

Front 51

Bilirubin

Back 51

The bile pigment secreted in bile. Produced by the breakdown of haeme in RBC

Front 52

Biliverdin

Back 52

Precursor to bilirubin in the circulation

Front 53

Urobiligen

Back 53

Derivative of Bilirubin, this is reabsorbed in intestine and excreted in urine.

Front 54

Stercobilin

Back 54

Derived from bilirubin, this brown compound is excreted via faeces