Digest Excrete Circulate

Front 1

body has to regulate:

Back 1

temp
ph--enzymes only operate at certain ph levels
acid level in stomach
gas levels-CO2 and 02
anaerobic res. or ph in blood down
waste management

Front 2

homeostasis

Back 2

body reaching equilibrium

Front 3

at true equlibrium you are

Back 3

dead

Front 4

why don't artic ice fish freeze? water ice?

Back 4

salt in water lowers freezing temp

Front 5

how many teeth?
kind determined by what?

Back 5

32
what you eat

Front 6

tongue does what to food

Back 6

masticates/mixes with saliva

Front 7

what masticates?

Back 7

tongue

Front 8

uvula

Back 8

gag reflex
keeps you from swallowing too big

Front 9

pharynx

Back 9

nasal passage and mouth joining

Front 10

esophogus leads to

Back 10

stomach

Front 11

trachya

Back 11

windpipe--goes to lungs

Front 12

epiglottis--

Back 12

flap that covers trachya, if it isn't working, food goes down wrong pipe

Front 13

parastaltic waves/parastaltis

Back 13

contract behind and relax in front, moves food down pipes like alimentary canal

Front 14

chyme

Back 14

liquid food in stomch

Front 15

where is the cardiac sphincter?

Back 15

right above the stomach

Front 16

where does heart burn occur and why?

Back 16

at the stomach opening--cardiac sphincter
when chyme comes back up, burns esophogus

Front 17

the ridges in the stomach lining

Back 17

rugal

Front 18

rugal can

Back 18

mash food
grind unchewed food
loaded with secretory cells to break down food

Front 19

what leads to the intestine from the stomach

Back 19

the pyloric sphincter

Front 20

how much chyme does the pyloric sphincter let into the duodenum at a time?

Back 20

one tbls.

Front 21

duodenum

Back 21

first 6 inches of intestine

Front 22

what happens in the first 21 ft. of small intestine, not doudenum

Back 22

absorbtion

Front 23

what is absorbed by the small intestine

Back 23

glucoes
amino acids
glycerol
fatty acid

Front 24

what does the duodenum break chyme into

Back 24

glucose
amino acid
nucleic acid
glycerol
fatty acids

Front 25

how long is the long intestine?

Back 25

3 ft.

Front 26

what does the 3 ft long intestine do?

Back 26

carries undigested food and unabsorbed material to the rectum the sphincter and then the anus

Front 27

put in order
sphincter, anus, rectum

Back 27

rectum, sphincter, anus

Front 28

what is absorbed by the lg. intest?

Back 28

water

Front 29

what does the ecoli bact. produce in your intest?

Back 29

vitamin K to prevent salmonella

Front 30

what is saliva made of?

Back 30

mucus/ water and amylase to act on starch

Front 31

must must a heterotroph do to to use the raw materials and energy in food?

Back 31

digest food into smaller macromolecules

Front 32

what are the 2 parts of digestion

Back 32

physical- break dow-teeth, chewing, to mmake
chemical part easier with enzymes

Front 33

extracellular ddigestion who uses it

Back 33

digestion outside the cell that moves nutrients into the ccell
most animals and humans use it

Front 34

intracellular digestion and who uses it

Back 34

digestion in the cells
plants and single celled organisms

Front 35

what is the alt. to intra/extracellular digestion?

Back 35

make digestive enzymes secreted on the outside of the food and then absorb
fungi and mold

Front 36

trace digestion

Back 36

ingestion
saliva
epiglottis(trapdoor)
esophogus (connects to stomach)
moved to stomach by
peristalstic
cardiac shphincter
stomach
chyme
lets out tbs into dduodenum
last digestion
then lg. absorption

Front 37

epiglottis

Back 37

trapdoor to esophogas

Front 38

what is saliva

Back 38

amylase
breaks starch

Front 39

ph of saliva

Back 39

6-7.4

Front 40

where does all carb digestion occur and why?

Back 40

in the mouth and path to the stomach because amylase works best in the ph 6-7 (mouth) and not in the acidic 1-4 ph of the stomach

Front 41

where are proteins digested

Back 41

in the stomach and the small iintestine requires acidic

Front 42

when food enters the stomach, what does it prompt it to make?

Back 42

hormone gastrin

Front 43

what does gastrin do?

Back 43

activates the gland to secrete hydrochloric acid

Front 44

what does hydrochloric acid do and what triggers it

Back 44

gastrin
it activates pepsinogen to become pepsin which breaks protein into polypepetide chains

Front 45

what od pancreatic acids do?

Back 45

in the small intestine shifts ph to basic which helps enzymes fuction

Front 46

what inrestinal enzyme turned peptides into amino acids?

Back 46

trypsin

Front 47

where are fats digested

Back 47

the small intestine

Front 48

what does bile do and where is it from

Back 48

from lliver stored in gallbladder
prepare fats for digestion

Front 49

what actually digests fat

Back 49

lipase, fatty acids to glycerol

Front 50

what increases the surface area of intestines?

Back 50

villi

Front 51

what do villi contain that serve as entry points to the bloodstream

Back 51

capillaries

Front 52

what are capillaries>

Back 52

entry points to the bloodstream

Front 53

how does gas exchange happen

Back 53

diffusion across a membrane

Front 54

what are the last 6 inches of the intestine

Back 54

the rectum

Front 55

what does trypsin do?

Back 55

converts secondary proteins into primary form

Front 56

what does carbohydrase do?

Back 56

eenzyme works on sucrose
llactose maltose

Front 57

what does the inside of your lg intestine look like?

Back 57

villi
with micro villi

Front 58

what enters the lymph system>

Back 58

fatty acids

Front 59

what are feces part of

Back 59

digestion

Front 60

secritn

Back 60

made in duodenum
secreted by small iintestine initiates release of sodium bbicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acids

Front 61

comapre fish to human urine

Back 61

fish do not make uurea fish release waste all amonnia
kidneys in saltwater fish make super concentrated urine and fresh water kidneys make diluted uurine excretion thru gills of co2

Front 62

what is urea?

Back 62

converted ammonia cause we can't flush it out.

Front 63

uric acid

Back 63

used by dry place animals as crystal with very little water lost.

Front 64

aminote egg

Back 64

laid in protein sshell organism alive inside converts ammonia to uric acid

Front 65

kidneys control

Back 65

h2o
salt ccontent
urea removal

Front 66

what is uric acid more complex than

Back 66

urea

Front 67

where does baby's urine go?

Back 67

into mother's blood stream and she filters it

Front 68

what is the cortex of the kidney

Back 68

the outer most layer

Front 69

what is the medula of the kidney

Back 69

middle

Front 70

what is the center of the kidney

Back 70

the pelvis

Front 71

what artery leads to the kidney

Back 71

the renal

Front 72

where does the renal artery lead to

Back 72

the glomerulus

Front 73

what is the glomerulus

Back 73

a series of capillaries that are so thin that blood cells move in single file

Front 74

how deoes the urine leave the kidney

Back 74

thru the ureter to the urinary bladder

Front 75

where does the urine leave your body

Back 75

thru the urethra

Front 76

what is a nepheron and what it's 3 functions

Back 76

compact excretory tubes
filtration
reabsorbtion
secretion

Front 77

what is the cap of the nepheron

Back 77

glomerular capsule/aka bow mans cap

Front 78

what enters the kidneys and nepheron

Back 78

blood to be filtered

Front 79

what parts of the blood are retained by the glomerulus

Back 79

blood cells and blood proteins

Front 80

fluid is forced from where to where in the nepheron

Back 80

the glomerulus to the ccapsule cells and protein are held in the G

Front 81

what is the liquid that moves to the capsule

Back 81

filtrate

Front 82

what is the filtrate

Back 82

plasma
nitrogen waste
urea
salt
ions
glucose
amino acids

Front 83

after capsule then the filtrate moves where and what happens

Back 83

proxymal tube
reabsobtion and secretion
water, glucose, salt go back into the blood water thru diffusion and salt thru active trans
amino acids and urea are also active iin some salt out

Front 84

where and what goes into the _____after the filtrate is determined and passes thru the proximal tube

Back 84

water and ions go into the loop of henly which goes into the medula then back into the cortex

Front 85

the deeper ou get in the kidney th e_________it gets

Back 85

saltier
sets up gradient

Front 86

longer the loop of henly the:

Back 86

more concentrated urine and the more water is reabsorbed into body

Front 87

what is the last salt contril and adjusts ph and moves H ions out

Back 87

the distall

Front 88

a hormane from _____gland called______does this_______.

Back 88

pituitary
ADH
WHEN IT IS RELEASED the body (when body dehydrated) opens pores body conserves water. shuts off when body has enough liquid-closes press and liquid moves thru

Front 89

when is adh released

Back 89

WHEN DEHYDRATED

Front 90

frogs have a _______respiratory system which means_______

Back 90

positive
works-inhale into out, whith glottis loosed, fill pouch, close nares, constrict pouch, open glglottis

to have air leave-close nares, bulge pouch, make vacuum, air in mouth, close glottis, and open nares

Front 91

humans have ______respiratory system which works____

Back 91

negative
intercostals push ribs up and the diaphragm moves down volume up, pressure outside of lungs goes down, gradient, more pressure in lungs, expand, air in.

oout relax diaphragm, relax pleur cav. increASE out of lung pressure, reverse gradient

Front 92

plural cavity

Back 92

chest cavity

Front 93

the shorter your trachea (vocal chords) the_______

Back 93

lower

Front 94

thrachea
2 parts

Back 94

vocal chords and then
tube with cartilage ringlets to keep stable, leads out of pharynx to bronchi.

Front 95

at the bse of the )_______ are the 2 bronchae tubes

Back 95

trachea

Front 96

bronchioles branch into lungs

Back 96

alveolar cluster

Front 97

as oxygen enters the blood and the lungs, what happens to it>

Back 97

turns into liquid

Front 98

why does oxy enter blood as liquid

Back 98

to stop bubbles and blockage

Front 99

as blood moves down the gradient into the alveolar and the lubgs,

Back 99

attaches to hemoglobin which carries 4 oxy molecules

Front 100

what color is deoxygenated blood?

Back 100

dark red

Front 101

trace blood and oxy from the heart and back

Back 101

deoxygenated blood enters the right auricle, to ventricle and out thru pulmonary artery into the lungs where it picks up oxy.<br />back thru pullminary VEIN into heart w/ oxyinto left auricle, down to left ventricle and out the aeorta which sends blood back into the body

Right ventricle lungs left atrium left ventral

Front 102

when oxygen attaches to hemoglobin it makes'''

Back 102

oxyhemoglobin
whic makes rusy

Front 103

where is some oxygen stored

Back 103

myoglobin

Front 104

to get co2 out it needs to be in

Back 104

lungs

Front 105

to get co2 in lungs we

Back 105

get it into blood, combines with water
co2+h2o=H2co3.dissociates into...>>>>H+ and HCO-

Front 106

what is H2 co3

Back 106

carbonic acid

Front 107

when co2 is in your luings

Back 107

gradient set up, concentrate > in lungs, wants to get out

Front 108

what does co2 in the blood do positive

Back 108

ph buffer,

Front 109

what does co2 in the blood do positive

Back 109

ph buffer,

Front 110

how does co2 act in blood

Back 110

makes it acidic initially (enters as H+
+HCO3-)
but when the body uses H, replaced by K which makes the blood basic, can change it either way.

Front 111

how does co2 act in blood

Back 111

makes it acidic initially (enters as H+
+HCO3-)
but when the body uses H, replaced by K which makes the blood basic, can change it either way.

Front 112

what does co2 in the blood do positive

Back 112

ph buffer,

Front 113

what other functions do lungs have

Back 113

none

Front 114

what other functions do lungs have

Back 114

none

Front 115

how does co2 act in blood

Back 115

makes it acidic initially (enters as H+
+HCO3-)
but when the body uses H, replaced by K which makes the blood basic, can change it either way.

Front 116

systolic pressure

Back 116

when heart beating

Front 117

what other functions do lungs have

Back 117

none

Front 118

systolic pressure

Back 118

when heart beating

Front 119

diasystilic pressure

Back 119

when heart resting

Front 120

systolic pressure

Back 120

when heart beating

Front 121

diasystilic pressure

Back 121

when heart resting

Front 122

where do arteries carry blood

Back 122

away from the heart

Front 123

where do arteries carry blood

Back 123

away from the heart

Front 124

diasystilic pressure

Back 124

when heart resting

Front 125

wha tis the blood pressure of 18 yr male

Back 125

120
-------
70

Front 126

wha tis the blood pressure of 18 yr male

Back 126

120
-------
70

Front 127

where do arteries carry blood

Back 127

away from the heart

Front 128

blood pressure is ___over_____

Back 128

sysatalic
diasystalic

Front 129

wha tis the blood pressure of 18 yr male

Back 129

120
-------
70

Front 130

blood pressure is ___over_____

Back 130

sysatalic
diasystalic

Front 131

why do arteries have muscle outside

Back 131

to adapt to the varying pressures

Front 132

blood pressure is ___over_____

Back 132

sysatalic
diasystalic

Front 133

why do arteries have muscle outside

Back 133

to adapt to the varying pressures

Front 134

where is blood pressure highest

Back 134

arteries

Front 135

where is blood pressure highest

Back 135

arteries

Front 136

why do arteries have muscle outside

Back 136

to adapt to the varying pressures

Front 137

where is blood pressure highest

Back 137

arteries

Front 138

why does blood pressure change

Back 138

foight or fflight adrenaline contracts arteries, cuts off blodd fow to abdomen and pushes blood faster to places needed

Front 139

what 3 factors contribute to blood pressure

Back 139

genetics, culture
environment

Front 140

what is blood made of

Back 140

plasma, erythrocytes
luekocytes
nuetrophils
platelets

Front 141

what is plasma

Back 141

liquid portion of blblood yellow
ion, protein, platelets

Front 142

erythrocytes

Back 142

red blood cells
carry oxygen

Front 143

laukocytes

Back 143

white blood ccells immune

Front 144

nuetrophils

Back 144

kind of lleukocyte move thru membranes gobble bad guys

Front 145

platelets

Back 145

when oxy present,
clot blood, made of protein

Front 146

where is blood made

Back 146

in the bone marrow

Front 147

what part of the brain intinates the heart

Back 147

the medula oblongata and the ppons which control autonomic functions

Front 148

what does the pace maker do

Back 148

sends out an electro signalchem
to start it, regulate the beats

Front 149

where does the pacemaker send the signal
what happens when is does

Back 149

across the atrium
does atrium contracts and pushes blood down

Front 150

where is the atrium

Back 150

the top of the heart

Front 151

what is the auricle

Back 151

the connecting pouch between the atrium and the ventricle

Front 152

what is the av node

Back 152

it delays the reaction of the ventricle from the atria, so that the atria can push blood into the ventricle before it contracts

Front 153

what does the venrticle do

Back 153

it pushes blood up and out after being delayed by the av node.

Front 154

the aorta

Back 154

lets blood out to the rest of the body, connected to the left ventricle

Front 155

1st lug sound

Back 155

valves closing between the atrium and the ventricle

Front 156

2nd dub sound

Back 156

aorta and pulmonary valves closing

Front 157

what is pulse

Back 157

vlves cloing

Front 158

hypertension

Back 158

high blood pressure

Front 159

mio car dial infraction

Back 159

heart attack
death of coronary atery

Front 160

fibrolation

Back 160

pace maker not working