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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mechanisms of Na+ transport |
Na/glucose cotransport Na/amino acid cotransport Na-H exchanger Parallel Na-H and Cl-HCO3 exchange ENaC |
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Mechanisms of Cl- transport |
Passive Cl absorption Parallel Na-H and Cl-HCO3 exchange Cl-HCO3 exchange |
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Goblet cell |
Mucous secretion for immune defence and lubrication |
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Enteric endocrine cell |
Hormone secreting cell within the GIT |
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Stem/progenitor cell |
Found at the base of crypt Differentiate and migrate up the crypt-villus axis |
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Paneth cell |
Host defence against microbes |
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Mucous neck cell |
Secretes mucous and bicarbonate |
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Parietal cell |
Secretes acid and intrinsic factor |
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Enterochromaffin like cell |
Secretes histamine |
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Chief cell |
Secretes pepsinogen and lipase |
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D cell |
Secretes somatostatin |
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G cell |
Secretes gastrin |
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Direct triggers for acid secretion |
Acetylcholine, histamine and gastrin |
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Indirect triggers for acid secretion |
Acetylcholine and gastrin mediated histamine release |
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Acetylcholine receptor on stomach cells |
M3AChr |
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Gastrin receptor on stomach cells |
Chilecystokinin B receptor (CCKR) |
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Direct mechanism of acid secretion by somatostatin |
Gi GPCR, inhibits adenylyl cyclase antagonising histamine stimulation |
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Indirect mechanism of inhibition of acid secretion by somatostatin |
Inhibits histamine release from ECL cells Inhibits gastrin release from G cells |
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Inhibitors of acid secretion |
Somatostatin, secretin, CCK |
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Tonsils |
2x adenoid 2x tubule 2x palatine 1x lingual |
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Papillae of tongue |
Vallate Foliate Filiform Fingiform |
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Parotid gland |
Serous saliva Alpha amylase Anti microbial |
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Submandibular gland |
Mixed serous and mucous Alpha amylase Lysozyme for bacterial cell wall hydrolysis |
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Sublingual gland |
Smallest salivary gland Mucous saliva Some amylase and lysozyme |
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Kupffer cell |
Hepatic macrophages in sinusoids Phagocytosis, regulation of microcirculation, removal of endotoxins |
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Stellar cells |
Perisinusoidal fat and retnoid storage Multiple membrane processes branching structure In diseas state transform to a more fibroblast like structure |
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Phase 1 drug metabolism |
Oxidation or reduction to make soluble |
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Phase 2 drug metabolism |
Conjugation to make water soluble |
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Causes of prehepatic jaundice |
Haemolysis - malaria, e.coli... Gilbert's syndrome - mutation in bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase 1 Neonatal jaundice |
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Causes of hepatic jaundice |
Liver injury disease or damage Viral hepatitis |
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Causes for post hepatic jaundice |
Gall stones Pancreatic cancer |
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Features of prehepatic jaundice |
Normal liver enzymes - AST/ALT ALP/gammaGT Increased unconjugated bilirubin |
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Feature of hepatic jaundice |
Increased bilirubin AST/ALT Mild increased in ALP/gammaGT |
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Features of posthepatic jaundice |
Increased bilirubin Modest increase AST/ALP Increased ALP/gammaGT |
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Extrinsic muscles of the tongue |
Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus |
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Extrinsic muscles of the tongue |
Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus |
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Genioglossus muscle |
Mandible to tongue Depress and protrude tongue CNXII |
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Extrinsic muscles of the tongue |
Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus |
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Genioglossus muscle |
Mandible to tongue Depress and protrude tongue CNXII |
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Hyoglossus muscle |
Hyoid bone to tongue Depress and retract tongue CNXII |
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Styloglossus muscle |
Styloid process to tongue Retract and elevate the tongue CNXII |
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Styloglossus muscle |
Styloid process to tongue Retract and elevate the tongue CNXII |
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Palatoglossus muscle |
Soft palate to tongue Elevate posterior tongue CNX |
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Intrinsic muscles of the tongue |
Longitudinal Transverse Vertical |
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Pancreatic Acinar cell |
Polarised Specialised for protein synthesis |
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Pancreatic Acinar cell |
Polarised Specialised for protein synthesis |
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Pancreatic duct epithelial cell |
Synthesise and secrete electrolytes and fluid So that acinar secretions don't block the duct |
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Pancreatic Acinar cell |
Polarised Specialised for protein synthesis |
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Pancreatic duct epithelial cell |
Synthesise and secrete electrolytes and fluid So that acinar secretions don't block the duct |
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Centroacinar cells |
First cells of intercalated duct |
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Vitamin A deficiency |
Night blindness Corneal drying Corneal degeneration Blindness Xerophthalmia Impaired immunity Hypo keratosis - decreased stratum corneum Keratosis polaris |
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Vitamin A deficiency |
Night blindness Corneal drying Corneal degeneration Blindness Xerophthalmia Impaired immunity Hypo keratosis - decreased stratum corneum Keratosis polaris |
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Vitamin D deficiency |
Impaired bone mineralisation Bone softening Rickets Osteomalacia ?osteoporosis |
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Vitamin A deficiency |
Night blindness Corneal drying Corneal degeneration Blindness Xerophthalmia Impaired immunity Hypo keratosis - decreased stratum corneum Keratosis polaris |
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Vitamin D deficiency |
Impaired bone mineralisation Bone softening Rickets Osteomalacia ?osteoporosis |
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Vitamin E deficiency |
Neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction |
