Differential Reinforcement

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Differential Reinforcement

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1. Providing reinforcement contingent on either the occurrence of a behavior other than the problem behavior or the problem behavior occurring at a reduced rate.
2. Withholding reinforcement as much as possible for the problem behavior.

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Four Most Researched Variations of Differential Reinforcement

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1. DRI (Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior)
2. DRA (Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior)
3. DRO (Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior)
4. DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates)

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Criteria for Alternative/Incompatible Behavior Selection for Differential Reinforcement

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1. It already exists in the learner's current repertoire.
2. It requires equal, or preferably less, effort than the problem behavior.
3. It is being emitted at a rate prior to the DRI/DRA intervention that will provide sufficient opportunities for reinforcement.
4. It is likely to be reinforced in the learner's natural environment after the intervention is terminated.

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Guidelines for Using DRI/DRA

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1. Select Incompatible/Alternative Behavior
2. Select Reinforcers that Are Powerful and Can Be Delivered Consistently
3. Reinforce Incompatible/Alternative Behavior Immediately and Consistently
4. Withhold Reinforcement for the Problem Behavior
5. Combine DRI/DRA with Other Procedures

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Types of DRO

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1. Interval DRO
2. Momentary DRO

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DRO Schedules

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1. Fixed-Interval DRO (FI-DRO)
2. Variable-Interval DRO (VI-DRO)
3. Fixed-Momentary DRO (FM-DRO)
4. Variable-Momentary (VM-DRO)

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Guidelines for Using DRO

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1. Recognize the Limitations of DRO
2. Set Initial DRO Intervals that Assure Frequent Reinforcement
3. Gradually Increase the DRO Interval
4. Extend the Application of DRO to Other Settings and Times of Day
5. Combine DRO with Other Procedures

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Types of DRL

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1. Full-Session DRL
2. Interval DRL
3. Spaced-Responding DRL

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Guidelines for Using DRL

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1. Recognize the Limitations of DRL
2. Choose the Most Appropriate DRL Procedure
3. Use Baseline Data to Guide the Selection of the Initial Response or IRT Limits
4. Gradually Thin the DRL Schedule
5. Provide Feedback to the Learner

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Affirmation of the Consequent

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A three-step form of reasoning that begins with a true antecedent-consequent: 1. If A is true, then B is true, 2. B is found to be true, 3. therefore, A is true.

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Sequence Effects

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The effects on a subject's behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subject's experience with a prior condition.

Front 12

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

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A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior target for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior.

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Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates (DRD)

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A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradually decreasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals (e.g., fewer than 5 responses per 5 minutes, fewer than 4 responses per 5 minutes, etc.).

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Differential Reinforcement of High Rates (DRH)

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A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals (more than 3 responses per 5 minutes, more than 5 responses per 5 minutes, more than 8 responses per 5 minutes, etc.).

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Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

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A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior (e.g., sitting in seat is incompatible with walking around the room).

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Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)

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A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement (a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum IRT, or (b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion. Use DRL schedules to decrease the rate of behaviors that occur too frequently but should be maintained in the learner's repertoire.

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Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

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A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is contingent based on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times (i.e., momentary DRO); sometimes called Differential Reinforcement of Zero Rates of Responding or Omission Training.