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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Esophagus Diverticular disease:
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pharyngocele, Zenker, Killian Jamieson, traction, pulsion, pseudodiverticula, epiphrenic
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Esophagus Luminal narrowing:
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webs, Plummer-Vinson, vascular ring, Schatzki ring, strictures (reflux, meds, skin lesions, tumor, mets, radiation, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, Crohn’s, lye, Barrett’s, infection, NGT, achalasia, scleroderma, Chagas), extrinsic compression (aorta, left bronchus, left atrium, mediastinal tumor)
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Esophagus High stricture:
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Barrett’s, radiation, caustic ingestion, CA, mets, meds, skin dz, Crohn’s
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Esophagus Low stricture:
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peptic stricture, lower esophageal ring, Barrett’s
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Esophagus Nodules/plaques:
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diffuse - reflux, Candida, glycogenic acanthosis; localized – Candida, superficial spreading CA, Barrett’s
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Esophagus Ulcers:
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distal – reflux, Crohn’s; small, mid – herpes, medications (tetracycline, doxycycline, KCl, iron, quinidine, NSAIDs, vit C, Fosamax), Crohn’s; giant – CMV, HIV
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Esophagus Megaesophagus:
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achalasia, scleroderma, distal narrowing from tumor or stricture, Chagas
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Esophagus Contrast extravasation:
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esophagitis, tumor, vomiting (MW tear, Boerhaave), TE fistula, foregut duplication cyst with communication to esophagus, iatrogenic, trauma
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Esophagus Solitary filling defects:
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intraluminal – food impaction, foreign body, fibrovascular polyp, spindle cell tumor, leiomyosarcoma, adenocarcinoma; tumor – leiomyoma, fibrovascular polyp, duplication cyst, papilloma, fibroma, hemangioma, SCC, adenocarcinoma, spindle cell tumor, lymphoma, mets (breast, lung, KS, melanoma, RCC); varices – uphill (portal HTN), downhill (SVC obstruction); extrinsic – lymph nodes, engorged vessels, aneurysms, cysts
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Esophagus Thickened folds:
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esophagitis, lymphoma, varicoid carcinoma, varices
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Esophagus Air-fluid level:
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hiatal hernia, esophageal diverticulum, CA, achalasia, scleroderma
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Feline esophagus:
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reflux, motor disorders
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Corkscrew esophagus:
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diffuse esophageal spasm, presbyesophagus
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Stomach Antral lesions:
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gastritis secondary to PUD, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma (more frequently crosses the pylorus than adenoCA…but adenoCA is more frequent a cancer), Crohn’s, TB, mets, ectopic pancreas, caustics sarcoid, HPS, pylorospasm, antral web,
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Stomach Emphysematous gastritis:
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recent endoscopy, infectious gastritis with hemolytic strep or clostridium, corrosive ingestion, PUD, gastric outlet obstruction, pulmonary disease
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Stomach Gastritis:
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H pylori, erosive gastritis (corrosives, alcohol, stress, NSAIDS), granulomatous (Crohn’s, sarcoid, TB, histo, syphilis), eosinophilic, hypertrophic (Menetrier’s, ZE syndrome), recurrent gastric ulcer (ZE syndrome, PUD, drugs), radiation
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Stomach Target lesions:
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gastritis (aphthoid type) – erosive (NSAID, alcohol), Crohn’s, infection (Candida, herpes, CMV); submucosal mets (large ulcer) – melanoma, KS > breast, lung, lymphoma; solitary giant bullseye (very large ulcer) – leiomyoma, sarcoma, CA, solitary met, ectopic pancreas, benign ulcer
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Stomach Filling defect:
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bezoar, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma, mets, KS, endometriosis, carcinoid, leiomyoma, lipoma, polyps (hyperplastic #1), varices, ectopic pancreas, extrinsic compression from spleen/pancreas/liver
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Stomach Giant rugal folds:
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lymphoma, Menetrier’s, ZE syndrome, gastritis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, radiation, infection, Crohn’s, mets, varices (mimic)
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Stomach Linitis plastica:
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scirrhous CA (#1), lymphoma, mets (esp breast), pancreatic CA (direct invasion), radiation, Crohn’s, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, corrosive ingestion, TB, sarcoid, syphilis
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Double pylorus:
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lesser curve antral ulcer, Crohn’s, lymphoma
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Gastroenteric fistula:
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PUD, Crohn’s, CA, iatrogenic, surgery
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Stomach Free air
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surgery and laparoscopy, perforated ulcer, perforated distal bowel (IBD, diverticulitis, tumor)
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Stomach UGI surgery:
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plication defect, marginal ulcer, bezoar, chronic gastritis, leak, obstruction, intussusception (jejunogastric), gastric CA, afferent loop syndrome, malabsorption
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Duodenum Duodenal bulb filling defec(s)
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ectopic gastric mucosa (tiny), benign lymphoid hyperplasia (tiny), Brunner gland hyperplasia (1 cm or so), prolapsed antral mucosa, pancreatic rests, varices, benign tumor (GIST, neurofibroma, adenomas), duodenitis, Crohn’s, lymphoma, polyposis (Peutz Jehger, Cronkite-Canada, familial polyposis)
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Duodenum Soft and changing duodenal filling defect–
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choledochocele, lipoma, duplication cyst
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Duodenum 2nd portion narrowing –
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pancreatitis, annular pancreas, ampullary inflammation (impacted stone), ampullary adenoCA
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Duodenum Filling defects:
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benign (often 1st portion, asx) – adenoma, leiomyoma, lipoma, villous adenoma, ectopic pancreas; malignant (often distal to 1st portion, sx) – adenocarcinoma at or distal to papilla, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma, mets (melanoma, breast, KS, carcinoid); distal – benign lymphoid hyperplasia, ectopic pancreas, annular pancreas, ampulla of Vater, tumor, edema with impacted or passed gallstone, choledochocele;
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Duodenum Target lesion:
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leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, met (melanoma, KS, breast, lung, lymphoma), ulcer, ZE syndrome
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Duodenum Luminal outpouchings:
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ulcer, diverticulum, choledochoduodenal or cholecystoduodenal fistula
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Duodenum Reverse figure 3 sign:
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pancreatitis, pancreatic CA
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Duodenum Notched duodenum:
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annular pancreas, post-bulbar ulcer, Crohn’s, post-op, pancreatitis, pancreatic CA
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Duodenum Postbulbar narrowing:
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adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, mets, postbulbar ulcer, duodenitis, Crohn’s, pancreatitis (extrinsic), pancreatic CA, annular pancreas, intramural diverticulum, duodenal duplication cyst, duodenal hematoma, aortic aneurysm, SMA syndrome (seen in scleroderma, lymphoma)
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Duodenum Papillary enlargement:
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>15mm; normal variant, choledochocele, papillary edema (pancreatitis, acute duodenal ulcer, impacted stone), ampullary CA
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Jejunum and Ileum Adynamic ileus:
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postoperative (#1); inflammatory (often sentinel loop) – pancreatitis, appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, peritonitis; metabolic – low K+, Ca++, Mg++; medication – morphine
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Jejunum and Ileum Mechanical SBO:
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adhesion, hernia, tumor, gallstone, inflammation with strictures
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Jejunum and Ileum Malabsorption patterns:
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dilatation, dilution, delay; predominantly thick/irregular folds – Whipple’s, MAI, Strongyloides (proximal), amyloid, Giardia (jejunum), GVH, Cryptosporidium (jejunum), lymphoma, lymphangiectasia, mastocytosis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis; predominantly dilated loops and normal folds – sprue (#1), obstruction, ileus, scleroderma, medication
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Jejunum and Ileum Thick folds without malabsorption pattern:
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criteria – folds >3mm, uniformly thickened if diffuse, nodular thickening (pinkyprinting) if focal with stack of coins appearance; submucosal edema – ischemia, infection, radiation, hypoproteinemia, GVH; submucosal tumor – lymphoma, leukemia, submucosal hemorrhage – Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hemophilia, anticoagulation
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Jejunum and Ileum Tubular bowel:
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Cryptosporidium, sprue (proximal), lymphoma, GVH, radiation, ischemia, Strongyloides (proximal)
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Jejunum and Ileum Nodules:
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mastocytosis, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, lymphoma, mets, polyps, Crohn’s, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, TB, infection, amyloid, lymphangiectasia, Whipple’s, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
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Jejunum and Ileum Diffuse tiny nodules:
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lymphoid hyperplasia (#1), hypogammaglobulinemia, Giardia, Whipple’s, Waldenstrom’s
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Jejunum and Ileum Small bowel tumors:
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benign – adenoma (#1), leiomyoma (#2), lipoma, hemangioma, neurogenic tumors, Brunner gland hyperplasia, heterotopic pancreatic tissue; malignant – mets (melanoma, RCC, breast, KS), lymphoma, carcinoid (#1 primary tumor), leiomyosarcoma (large ulcerating), adenocarcinoma; polyposis syndromes
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Jejunum and Ileum Small bowel stricture:
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Crohn’s, lymphoma, mets, infection, radiation, ischemia, adenoCA, extrinsic compression, NSAIDs; focal stricture with shouldering – adenoCA (#1), breast mets, TB
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Jejunum and Ileum Coiled spring:
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intussusception, intramural hematoma
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Jejunum and Ileum Large ulcerated mass (endoexoenteric):
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lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma, mets (melanoma), interloop abscess
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Jejunum and Ileum Diverticula:
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small bowel, Meckel’s
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Jejunum and Ileum Intraluminal filling defects:
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parasites (Ascaris, tapeworm), bezoar, foreign body, gallstone, lipoma
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Jejunum and Ileum Enteric fistulas:
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Crohn’s, diverticulitis, CA, TB, radiation, surgery, iatrogenic
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Jejunum and Ileum Serosal
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carcinoid, serosal mets, diverticulitis, appendicitis, endometriosis
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Jejunum and Ileum Mesenteric bowel ischemia:
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occlusive – emboli (afib, LV aneurysm), arterial thrombosis (atherosclerosis), venous thrombosis (portal HTN, pancreatitis, tumor, hypercoagulable state, drugs); nonocclusive – low flow state
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Jejunum and Ileum Shortened transit time:
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anxiety, hyperthyroid, medication (reglan), partial SBO
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Colon Pneumatosis coli:
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pneumatosis intestinalis – mucosal tear (iatrogenic), mucosal necrosis secondary to infarction/inflammation (IBD)/infection (C. diff), NEC, toxic megacolon, typhlitis; pneumatosis intestinalis cystica – subserosal blebs related to bronchovascular pathways to reteroperitoneum to mesentery to bowel (Macklin’s pathway): COPD, asthma, CF, iatrogenic, CVD, steroids
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Colon Bowel wall thickening (thumbprinting):
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edema – ischemia, infectious (pseudomembranous colitis, CMV, E Coli, Salmonella, Shigella, amebiasis, typhlitis), IBD; hemorrhage – anticoagulation, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hemophilia; tumor – lymphoma, leukemia
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Colon Crohn’s:
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fold thickening, wall thickening, nodular pattern (cobblestone), string sign, aphthoid ulcers, filiform polyps, sinus tracts and fistulas, mesenteric fat stranding, creeping fat, lymphadenopathy, separated bowel loop (omega sign), pseudosacculations, strictures, asymmetric, skip lesions
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Colon UC:
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ahaustral, granular mucosa, filiform polyps, starts in rectum, continuous spread, backwash ileitis, crypt abscesses, strictures (worrisome)
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Colon Mass lesions:
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normal lymphofollicular pattern, pneumatosis coli, colitis cystica profunda, amyloid, endometriosis, ischemic colitis, polyps, polyposis syndromes, lipoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, villous adenoma, adenocarcinoma, mets, lymphoma, hemorrhoids
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Colon Polypoid filling defects:
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polyps - hyperplastic (#1), adenomatous (#2), hamartomatous, post-inflammatory; polyposis – FAP, Peutz-Jeghers, juvenile polyposis, Turcot, Cronkhite-Canada, Cowden; lymphoma; pneumatosis
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Colon Carpet lesion:
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villous adenoma, adenoCA, polyposis, endometriosis, varices
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Colon Colonic urticaria:
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herpes, Yersinia, allergy, Crohn’s, ischemia
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Colon Aphthoid ulcers:
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Crohn’s, amebiasis, Behcet’s, CMV, herpes, TB, Yersinia (TI)
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Colon Deep ulcers:
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UC, Crohn’s, Behcet’s, infectious (amebiasis, TB, Salmonella, Shigella, histo, Candida, herpes, CMV), ischemic colitis, radiation
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Colon Circumferential (apple core) or asymmetric narrowing:
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tumor – adenocarcinoma, serosal mets (stomach, ovarian, colon, pancreas); inflammation – diverticulitis, IBD, TB, amebiasis; other – endometriosis, pelvic abscess, epiploic appendagitis; multifocal – lymphoma, serosal mets, TB, amebiasis, Crohn’s, endometriosis
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Colon Long segment narrowing:
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scirrhous adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, UC, Crohn’s, ischemic stricture, radiation
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Colon Ahaustral colon:
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cathartic abuse (usu R colon), UC, Crohn’s, amebiasis, aging (usu L colon), scleroderma, radiation, prior ischemia
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Colon Pseudosacculations:
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Crohn’s, scleroderma, ischemia
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Colon Obstruction:
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CA, diverticulitis, volvulus, impaction, hernia
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Colon Megacolon:
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toxic megacolon – pseudomembranous colitis, UC, Crohn’s, amebiasis; acute distension – obstructive CA, ileus, volvulus; chronic – laxative abuse, Ogilvie syndrome, congenital Hirschsprung’s, Chagas, neuromuscular disorders (Parkinson, DM, scleroderma, amyloid), hypothyroid
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Colon Adult intussusception:
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usu ileoileal; tumors – polyps, lipoma, mets, lymphoma, carcinoid; idiopathic, Meckel’s diverticulum, feeding tube; no lead point consider sprue, scleroderma, Whipple’s
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Colon Coned cecum:
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Crohn’s, lymphoma, mets, TB, amebiasis, typhlitis
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Colon Ileocecal deformities:
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Crohn’s, UC, amebiasis (spares TI), TB, typhlitis, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, intussusception
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Colon Enlarged ileocecal valve:
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>3cm; lipomatous infiltration (#1), lipoma, Crohn’s, lymphoma, prolapsing ileal neoplasms
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Colon Cecal filling defect and nonfilling appendix:
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carcinoid, appendicitis, appendix stump, mucocele
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Colon Fat containing mass adjacent to colon
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epiploic appendagitis, omental infarction
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Colon Proctitis:
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Condyloma acuminata, lymphogranuloma venereum, GC, UC, Crohn’s, HIV, herpes
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Colon Rectal involvement:
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serosal mets, TOA, radiation, appendicitis, diverticulitis, endometriosis
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Colon Presacral space widening:
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>2cm; rectal inflammation (colitis, radiation), infection, tumor, pelvic lipomatosis, edema hemorrhage
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Liver Solid masses:
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hemangioma, FNH, adenoma, HCC, mets, regenerating nodules, focal fatty deposition, lymphoma
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Liver Cystic masses:
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infectious – pyogenic abscess, amebiasis, Echinococcus; benign – simple cysts, ADPKD, biliary cystadenoma, biloma, intrahepatic GB; malignant – necrotic tumors, cystic mets, cholangioCA
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Liver Increased density:
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hemochromatosis, glycogen storage disease, Wilson’s, amiodarone, chemotherapy, thorotrast, anemia, regenerative nodules in cirrhosis (low T2)
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Liver Decreased density:
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fatty liver – obesity, alcohol, DM, steroids, chemotherapy; radiation-induced
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Liver Mottled density without focal mass:
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passive congestion, Budd-Chiari, geographic fatty infiltration, hepatoma, lymphoma
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Liver Hypervascular:
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hemangioma, hemangioendothelioma, cholangioCA, HCC, mets (islet cell, melanoma, carcinoid, RCC, thyroid, breast, sarcoma)
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Liver Hyperechoic:
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round – hemangioma, hyperechoic mets (hypervascular and calcified mets), HCC, fibrolamellar HCC, focal fat, lipoma, AML, Gaucher’s; linear – pneumobilia, PV gas, biliary ascariasis; multiple punctate foci – hepatitis, granulomatous infection, PCP, biliary hamartomas, pneumobilia, PV gas, vascular calcs
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Liver Multiple hypoechoic:
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tumor – mets, lymphoma, HCC; infection – pyogenic, amebic, Echinococcus, Candida, Schistosomiasis; other – regenerative nodules in cirrhosis, sarcoid, extramedullary hematopoiesis, hematomas, hemangiomas
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Liver Hepatic hemorrhage:
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iatrogenic, trauma, adenoma, HCC, pregnancy
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Liver Gas in liver:
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pneumobilia – ERCP, surgery, penetrating ulcer, gallstone ileus, CA, bowel obstruction; PV air – bowel necrosis > IBD, abscess, obstruction, ulcer, NEC, iatrogenic, liver transplant; abscess; emphysematous cholecystitis
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Liver Delayed retention of contrast:
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cholangioCA, hemangioma, fibrous tumor, scar (FNH, adenoma, fibrolamellar HCC, hemangioma)
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Biliary system: Gallbladder filling defects:
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stones, polyps, adenomyomatosis, blood clots, varices, mets (melanoma, lymphoma, breast CA); if solitary, consider papilloma or adenoma
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Biliary system: Extrahepatic biliary dilatation:
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intrapancreatic (#1) – pancreatic CA, calculus, chronic pancreatitis; suprapancreatic – cholangioCA, metastatic lymph nodes; portal – cholangioCA, GB CA, surgical strictures, hepatoma; choledochal cyst
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Biliary system:Types of obstruction:
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tumor – abrupt termination of duct, mass adjacent to duct; pancreatitis -–smooth, long tapering; lithiasis-related – calculus visible, meniscus sign, intrahepatic dilatation; cholangitis – sclerosing, AIDS, oriental; Caroli’s; biliary cystadenoma
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Biliary system:Double duct sign:
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dilated BD and PD; pancreatitis, pancreatic CA, stone impacted in ampulla, cholangioCA, duodenal or ampullary CA
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Biliary system:Filling defects in bile duct:
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stone, blood clot, parasite, sludge, tumor
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Biliary system:Hemobilia:
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iatrogenic, tumor, trauma, infection
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Biliary system:Strictures on ERCP:
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hilum – cholangioCA, porta hepatis nodes, GB CA; 1cm from ampulla – pancreatic CA, cholangioCA, mets; long segment – chronic pancreatitis, lymphoma; CHD at cystic duct region – Mirizzi’s, GB CA, cholangioCA; multiple intrahepatic – sclerosing cholangitis, HIV, ischemic, primary biliary cirrhosis, liver mets (rare); multiple intrahepatic and extrahepatic -–sclerosing cholangitis, HIV, ischemia
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Biliary system:Irregular wall and filling defects:
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cholangitis – HIV, oriental, ascending
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Biliary system:Pancreatic duct:
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stricture – pancreatic CA, chronic pancreatitis; cystic dilatation and side branches – chronic pancreatitis, IPMT; variants - annular pancreas, pancreas divisum
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Biliary system: Cholecystectomy leaks:
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cystic duct remnant, duct of Luschka
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Biliary system: GB wall thickening:
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>3mm; diffuse – nonfasting GB, acute cholecystitis, chronic cholecystitis, portal HTN, hypoalbuminemia, hepatitis, AIDS (cryptosporidium, CMV, MAI), ascites; focal – GB CA, mets (melanoma), cholesterol polyps, adenomyomatosis, tumefactive sludge, AIDS
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Biliary system: GB wall hyperechoic foci:
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calculus, polyp, cholesterol, emphysematous cholecystitis, porcelain GB
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Biliary system: Dense gallbladder:
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vicarious excretion of contrast, calculi, milk of calcium, oral cholecystogram, hemorrhage
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Biliary system: Biliary enteric fistula:
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cholecystitis (gallstone ileus), PUD, tumor, trauma, surgery, Crohn’s
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Pancreas:
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causes - biliary stones, alcohol, drugs, hyperlipidemia, infection, trauma; complications – necrosis, pseudocyst, abscess, splenic artery pseudoaneurysm, splenic vein thrombosis
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Pancreas: Focal pancreatic signal abnormality:
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tumor, focal pancreatitis, adenopathy
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Pancreas: Cystic lesions:
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tumor – microcystic adenoma, mucinous cystadenoma, IPMT, solid/cystic and papillary epithelial neoplasm, cystic islet cell tumor; cyst – simple, pseudocyst, ADPKD, VHL, duct ectasia; abscess
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Pancreas: Hyperechoic pancreas:
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CF, pancreatic lipomatosis
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Pancreas: Hypervascular:
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islet cell tumor, hypervascular mets
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Pancreas: Hypovascular:
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adenocarcinoma, focal chronic pancreatitis
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Spleen: Most common focal splenic lesions:
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acquired cyst (remote trauma), epidermoid, hemangioms
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Spleen: Anatomic variations:
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accessory spleen, lobulations, wandering spleen, polyspenia, asplenia, splenosis (s/p trauma)
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Spleen: Focal splenic lesions:
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tumor – mets (lymphoma, melanoma), hemangioma, lymphangioma, hamartoma; infection (often calcified) – abscess, Candida, TB, MAI, Schistosomiasis, PCP; other – infarct, septic emboli, hematoma, cyst (simple, hydatid) pancreatic pseudocyst, fatty nodules in Gaucher’s
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Spleen: Microabscess pattern:
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Candida, MAI, TB, PCP, bacterial, fungal, Gaucher’s, sarcoid, KS, lymphoma, mets
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Spleen: Scalloped contour:
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infarcts, septic emboli, hematoma, metastatic implants, pseudocyst
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Spleen: Splenic cyst:
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primary – congenital, true; secondary – calcified, false, prior infarct, trauma, infection, echinococcus, pancreatic pseudocyst
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Spleen: Splenic calcifications:
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TB, histo, PCP, phleboliths, hemangioma
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Spleen: Splenomegaly:
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tumor – lymphoma, leukemia; infection – infectious mono, histo, sarcoid; metabolic – Gaucher’s, amyloid, hemochromatosis; trauma; vascular – portal HTN, hematologic disorders
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Peritoneal Cavity: Peritoneal mets:
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ovarian, stomach, colon, pancreas
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Peritoneal Cavity: Pseudomyxoma peritonei:
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mucinous cystadenoCA from ovary or appendix, mucocele
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Peritoneal Cavity: Peritoneal fluid collections:
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ascites, urinoma, biloma, seroma, lymphocele, pseudocyst, CSFoma; complex – abscess, hematoma, pseudomyxoma peritonei, pancreatic necrosis
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Peritoneal Cavity: Intraperitoneal calcifications:
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arterial calcs, appendicolith, mesenteric node, gallstone, pancreatic calcs, porcelain GB, renal/ureteral stone, nephrocalcinosis, old hematoma, abscess, fibroid, fetal skeletal part, phlebolith, teratoma, echinococcal cyst, mucinous tumor
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General GI DDx:
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Crohn’s, lymphoma, TB (infection), mets, CA, radiation, ischemia
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Mucosal:
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acute angle, absence of normal mucosal pattern, irregular fuzzy margin
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Submucosal:
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obtuse angle, presence of normal mucosal pattern, smooth distinct margin
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Extrinsic:
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spiculation, tethering
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AIDS:
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infection – CMV, Candida, herpes, Cryptosporidium, MAI; tumor – KS, lymphoma; esophagus – ulcers (Candida, CMV, herpes, HIV), sinus tracts (TB, Actinomycosis); proximal small bowel – ulcers (cryptosporidium), nodules (KS, lymphoma, MAI); distal small bowel – enteritis (TB, MAI, CMV); colon – colitis (CMV, pseudomembranous), typhlitis; rectum – herpes, lymphoma; biliary – strictures (CMV, Cryptosporidium); liver and spleen – KS, lymphoma, Candida, TB, MAI, PCP
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Abdominal trauma:
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liver laceration (#1), splenic lac, renal trauma, bowel hematoma, pancreatic fx, GB injury, adrenal hemorrhage
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Abdominal complications after cardiac surgery:
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GI hemorrhage, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, perforated peptic ulcer, mesenteric ischemia, perforated diverticulitis
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Low density lymph nodes:
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TB, MAI, lymphoma, testicular tumor, mucinous adenoCA, Whipple’s
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Cystic abdominal mass:
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abscess, loculated ascites, panc pseudocyst, ovarian cyst or tumor, lymphocele, cystic lymphangioma, enteric duplication cyst, cystic teratoma
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Mesenteric mass:
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lymphoma, mets, carcinoid, mesenteric fibromatosis, mesothelioma
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Large LUQ mass:
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stomach (leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (pseudocyst, nonfunctioning islet cell tumor, mucinous tumor), adrenal (carcinoma), spleen (lymphoma), kidney (RCC, lymphoma)
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RLQ inflammation:
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appendicitis, Crohn’s, cecal diverticulitis, perforated cecal CA, mesenteric adenitis, PID
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Volvulus:
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gastric (organoaxial, mesenteroaxial), midgut, colon (sigmoid, cecal)
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Hernia:
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paraesophageal, paraduodenal, inguinal, umbilical, Spigelian, lumbar, Richter’s, incisional
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Abdominal wall:
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mets (melanoma, NF, iatrogenic seeding), rectus sheath hematoma (trauma, anticoagulation)
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Ascites:
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cirrhosis, mets, CA, hypoalbuminemia, CHF, pancreatitis
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Gasless abdomen:
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obstruction with fluid-filled bowel, severe vomiting, high obstruction, achalasia, impaired swallowing, continuous NG suction
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