Diff Dx: Final - Immune, Part 1

Front 1

Primary role of immune system

Back 1

Recognize and destroy all forms of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parsites, and to prevent proliferation of mutant cells

Front 2

Two non-specific lines of defense against pathogens

Back 2

Skin and mucosal barriers (think burn victims)
Inflammatory response to all forms of cellular injury or death

Front 3

What is MHC?

Back 3

Major Histocompatibility Complex aka Human Leukocytic Antigens (HLA)
Receptors on the cell membranes or surface of cells taht allow body to recognize self from non-self

Front 4

HLA classes

Back 4

Human Leukocytic Antigens
HLA - A, B, C = class one
HLA - R, DR = class two

Front 5

What is an antigen?

Back 5

Any substance without HLA markers that is capable of eliciting an immune response

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2 types of immunity

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Innate Vs. acquired
Active vs. passive

Front 7

What is innate immunity?

Back 7

Don't require prior exposure - non-specific
General inflammatory condition caused by acid secretions, unfavorable pHs, lysosomes and NKCs
Also, phagocytic cells

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What is acquired immunity?

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AKA adaptive immunity
Pathogen and antigen specific response that leads to immunologic memory
Takes longer

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ACtive immunity

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Personal immunity - immunity is acquired by introduction of an antigen in a responsive host

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Passive immunity

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Protection is acquired throug mother
ABs are sensitized lymphocytes that are porduced by one person and then transferred to another
Ex: immune serum globulin

Front 11

Neutrophils

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Act to kill by invading organisms thru phagocytosis
Responds to infection and inflammation
Byproduct of phagocytosis = formation of pus

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Eosinophils

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Most active in allergic disorders and in response to parasitic infection

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Basophils

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Circulate in peripheral blood and fxt similar to mast cells in allergic disorders
Mast cells dump histamine

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Monocytes vs. macrophages

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Monocytes circulate in blood and mature into macrophages once they are in tissue
Macrophages digest pathogens and there due to antigenic materal that appears on surface of cells that identifies that as foreign invaders (seek and destroy)
Macrophages defend against tumor cells

Front 15

Where do lymphocytes originate?

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Stem cells/bone marrow and mature into B or T cells

Front 16

What happens when a B cell is stimulated by an antigen?

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Development of plasma cells and memory cells
Classic humeral immunity and it is typical in face of bacterial infections

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Where do T cells differential and mature?

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Thymus gland
As the differentiate, they learn to discriminate btw self and non-slef

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What is a sensitized T cell?

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When activated lymphocytes produce additional lymphoctes:
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells

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What are Helper T cells

Back 19

75% of T cells
Help B cells mature and produce antibodies by secreting lymphokines
HIV kills helper T cell

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Wat are Cytotoxic T cells

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NKCs - directly attack and kill target invaer cells in which they come in contact iwth
Downside; sometimes kill normal cells

Front 21

What are suppressor T cells?

Back 21

Assist Helper and Cytotoxic T cell fxt

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What are T lymphocytes capable of doing?

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Turning on the entire immne system
On cells are T4 lymphocytes
Off cells are T8 lymphoctes

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Cytokines

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Self-regulating protein released by macrophages
Important in triggering immune response, inducing acute inflamm response, and modulating the transition from acute to chronic inflammation

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CSF

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Colony stimulating factor
Hemopoietic growth factor that are seen in bone marrow stem cells
Stimulate WBC production

Front 25

Interferon's

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Interleukins
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Transforming Growth Factor

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What are interferons? Functions?

Back 26

Proteins secreted by various leukocytes
Limit spread of viral infections
Protect non-infected cells from being infected by the virus
Inhibit tumor growth (involved in many cx drugs)

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Role of interleukins

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Direct other cells to divide and differentiate

Front 28

Function of TNF

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Mediates inflammatory and cytokine reactions
Works with interleukins
Casues necrosis of tumor cells
Imporant in promoting wound healing and preventing tumors

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How does TNF cause necrosis of tumor cells?

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By eliminiating the blood supply to the tumor

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Small amounts vs large amounts of TNF

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Small: promote wound healing and prevent tumors
Large: fever, wt loss, excessive tissue damage

Front 31

Dual tak for Transforming Growth Factor

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Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects
Associated with fibrosis that occurs in many diseases
Suppressed T cells, B cells, and NKCs

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What must a pathogen overcome to initate an immune respones?

Back 32

Numerous surface barriers (skin, acidity of secretions, mucosal lineage)
Innate immune response

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Two types of Acquired immunity - which one dominates?

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Immune system is tailored to recognize each different type of organism and kill it
Humeral and cell mediated
Both going on an interacting at diff levels and phases. Work together to make pathogens pay for trespassing

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What is humeral immunity mediated by?

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ABs that are present in different humers (bodily fluids and secretions, such as saliva, blood, vaginal secretions, etc)

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What type of organisms are B cells great at destroying?

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ABs that are produced by B cell are effective against organisms that are free floating in the body

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What is the cell surface of an AB covered with? Why important?

Back 36

Coated w/ immunoglobulin
Each one recognizes a specific foreign substance

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3 types of B cells

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Plasma cells
Memory cells
Protein synthesizing cells are essentially what all types of B cells are

Front 38

Essentially, what do Plasma (B) cells do? Types?

Back 38

Secrete specific ABs into bodily fluids depending on type of pathogen
IgE, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgG

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Major fxts of immunoglobulins?

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Each responsible for certain types of antigens
Destroy/neutralize antigens via precipitating the toxins out of solutions (puncture organism)
2. Activate complement system
3. Anaphylaxis--dumping histamines into the system
4. Stimulae AB mediated hypersensitivity

Front 40

IgM

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Largest, appears early in primary response
Almost always found in intravascular compartment (interstitium)
ACtivate complement and such

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IgG

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Major anti-bacterial and anti-viral AB
Only one that passes placenta, which is why infants don't get sick for the first 6 months

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IgA

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Defends external body surfaces
Predominant on mucous membranes and will be found in a variety of secretions (breast milk, urine, seminal fluid, saliva, nasal fluids, aspiratory, GI, GU secretions)
Produced in mucosal linings

Front 43

IgD

Back 43

Predominant AB found on surface of B lymphocytes
Acts as an antigen receptor
Works in activation and suppresison of immune responses

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IgE

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Primary role is eliminating parasitic infections (roundworms) and functions during allergic rxts
Lyse mast cells, which releases histamine (anaphylaxis)
Occurs during asthmatics

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Type of AB released will depend on...?

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Specific antigen stimulus
Genetic variability
First or subsequent exposure

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How are B cells transmitted to person?

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Innoculation or maternally

Cell-mediated immunity cannot be transferred to another person
Humoral immunity is much faster
Humoral immunity is a larger factor in bacterial infections

Front 47

Function of Memory (B) cells

Back 47

Circulate between blood and lymphoid tissue for a year or longer
Responsible for a more rapid response upon subsequent exposures

Front 48

Why do we need cell mediated immunity?

Back 48

All viruses and some bacteria hide within the host cell where ABs can't reach them

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Two ways Cell mediated immunity responds

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Turn on system (T4)
Turn off system (T8)

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What do suppressor T cells do? Why is this important?

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Down-regulate the helper and cytotoxic T cell function
Need this to occur when immune system attacks itself
Results in Immune Tolerance: recognition and respose by T suppressor cells. Loss = autoimmunity

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What is Cell Mediated immunity responsible for?

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Fighting invading pathogens, viruses, fungi, and bacteria
Reject transplanted organs (tries to)
Imp in some autoimmune responses
1st Response/basis for some skin tests (TB)
Delayed hypersensitivity rxn (after the humoral response)

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Where are B and T cells continusously recirculated?

Back 52

Btw blood, lymph, and nodes