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25 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
1. What are the major nutrients the body uses to produce energy?
1. Carbohydrates
-alpha linkage
-fibers are beta linkage

2. Fats
-glycerol backbone comes from glucose
-only store triglycerides if have excess glucose

3. Proteins
2. What are fuel storage sites?
1. Muscle glycogen (0.4%)
2. Fat (85%)
3. Liver glycogen (0.2%)
4. Protein (14.5%)
3. What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) a measure of?

What are the conditions for measuring it?
The energy expended to maintain the basic physiological functions under standard conditions

Not eat for 12 hours
Awake and at rest
Warm environment
4. What is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)?
Often used interchangeably with BMR

**Not determined under identical conditions though
5. What are both values proportional to?

How do they differ between men and women?
Proportional to lean body weight

Men will have higher BMR than women
6. What factors will increase one's BMR?
(three)

What factors will decrease one's BMR?
(three)
Increase
1. Pregnancy
2. Fever
3. Hyperthyroidism (jittery and thin)

Decrease
1. Aging
2. Starvation
3. Hypothyroidism (cold, weight gain)
7. What is the general equation for determining the BMR?
Young male BMR = 24 kcal/kg body weight/day

Young female BMR = 22 kcal/kg body weight/day
8. What is the specific dynamic action (SDA) or thermic effect of food (TEF)?
Represents the energy expenditure due to digestion and other metabolic processes that result from the consumption of foods

Represents about 10% of calories consumed

Usually ignored while performing energy calculations
9. What is the total daily energy expenditure?

How is energy balance and body weight related?
BMR + Physical activity

Maintain constant weight
NRG expenditure = NRG intake

Increase weight (pos caloric balance)
NRG intake > NRG expenditure

Decrease weight (neg caloric balance)
NRG intake < NRG expenditure
10. What is the caloric content of dietary components?
Carbohydrate 4 kcal/gm

Protein 4 kcal/gm

Fat 9 kcal/gm

Alcohol 7 kcal/gm
11. What is the body mass index?
Ratio of weight to height

< 18.5 = underweight
18.5 - 24.9 = desired weight
25 - 29.9 = overweight
> 30 = obeses

**it can give the likelihood of chronic disease such as type II diabetes

**best to look at BMI and waist size
12. What is the recommended dietary allowance?
Dietary nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all healthy individuals
13. What is the adequate intake?
Recommended average daily intak level used when an RDA cannot be determined
14. What is the tolerable upper intake level?
.
What is the estimated average requirement?
Highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects

Nutrient intake level estimated to meet requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
15. What is the RDA for carbohydrates?

What is this value based on?
130 g/day

Average minimum amount of glucose used by the brain
16. What is the RDA for protein?

When may an increased level be necessary?
0.8 g/kg/day

Preganant and lactating women
Growing children
Endurance training athletes

*increased to 1.2 g/kg/day
17. What else is necessary to know in order to determine if protein consumption is satisfactory?
Quality of the protein

High quality protein that contains all the essential amino acids

Some plant proteins are low quality b/c they are deficient in one or more essential amino acids
18. What are the 10 essential amino acids?
1. Leucine
2. Isoleucine
3. Valine
4. Lysine
5. Threonine
6. Histidine
7. Tryptophan
8. Phenylalanine
9. Methionine
10. Arigine
19. What is nitrogen balance?

What can problems in maintaining N balance result in?

How much N do proteins contain?
Difference between amount of N ingested (mainly dietary protein) and amount of N lost

Break down of body proteins

16% N
20. What are the major N containing excretion products?

Describe three N balance situations.
Urea
Creatine
Uric acid
Ammonia

Positive
dietary N > excreted N

Negative
dietary N < excreted N

Balance
dietary N = excreted N
21. How is N balance when...

1. pregnant
2. Sepsis, burns
3. Low quality protein diet
4. Protein supplement
1. Positive

2. Negative

3. Negative

4. Balanced
22. What are 2 important biochemical functions of fat?

What two fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body?
1. Vehicle for lipid soluble vitamins

2. Source of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids

α-linoleic
α-linolenic acid
23. Why can these fatty acids not be synthesized by humans?

Why are they important?
Contain double bond arrangements that humans cannot form

Supplied by plants oils

Important for synthesis of eicosinoids and fluidity of membranes
24. What are eicosinoids?

Can we synthesize vitamins and minerals?
Compounds w/ hormone-like actions that are important in inflammation

No, require them in trace amounts and must obtain from diet
25. What is total dietary fiber consist of?

What can functional fiber do?

How much fiber do women and men require?
Non-digestable plant carbohydrate and functional fiber

Slow down rate of gastric emptying, prevent absorption of dietary fats (including cholesterol)

38 and 25 g/d for men and women, respectively