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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. What are the major nutrients the body uses to produce energy?
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1. Carbohydrates
-alpha linkage -fibers are beta linkage 2. Fats -glycerol backbone comes from glucose -only store triglycerides if have excess glucose 3. Proteins |
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2. What are fuel storage sites?
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1. Muscle glycogen (0.4%)
2. Fat (85%) 3. Liver glycogen (0.2%) 4. Protein (14.5%) |
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3. What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) a measure of?
What are the conditions for measuring it? |
The energy expended to maintain the basic physiological functions under standard conditions
Not eat for 12 hours Awake and at rest Warm environment |
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4. What is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)?
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Often used interchangeably with BMR
**Not determined under identical conditions though |
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5. What are both values proportional to?
How do they differ between men and women? |
Proportional to lean body weight
Men will have higher BMR than women |
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6. What factors will increase one's BMR?
(three) What factors will decrease one's BMR? (three) |
Increase
1. Pregnancy 2. Fever 3. Hyperthyroidism (jittery and thin) Decrease 1. Aging 2. Starvation 3. Hypothyroidism (cold, weight gain) |
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7. What is the general equation for determining the BMR?
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Young male BMR = 24 kcal/kg body weight/day
Young female BMR = 22 kcal/kg body weight/day |
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8. What is the specific dynamic action (SDA) or thermic effect of food (TEF)?
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Represents the energy expenditure due to digestion and other metabolic processes that result from the consumption of foods
Represents about 10% of calories consumed Usually ignored while performing energy calculations |
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9. What is the total daily energy expenditure?
How is energy balance and body weight related? |
BMR + Physical activity
Maintain constant weight NRG expenditure = NRG intake Increase weight (pos caloric balance) NRG intake > NRG expenditure Decrease weight (neg caloric balance) NRG intake < NRG expenditure |
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10. What is the caloric content of dietary components?
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Carbohydrate 4 kcal/gm
Protein 4 kcal/gm Fat 9 kcal/gm Alcohol 7 kcal/gm |
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11. What is the body mass index?
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Ratio of weight to height
< 18.5 = underweight 18.5 - 24.9 = desired weight 25 - 29.9 = overweight > 30 = obeses **it can give the likelihood of chronic disease such as type II diabetes **best to look at BMI and waist size |
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12. What is the recommended dietary allowance?
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Dietary nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all healthy individuals
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13. What is the adequate intake?
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Recommended average daily intak level used when an RDA cannot be determined
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14. What is the tolerable upper intake level?
. What is the estimated average requirement? |
Highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects
Nutrient intake level estimated to meet requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group |
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15. What is the RDA for carbohydrates?
What is this value based on? |
130 g/day
Average minimum amount of glucose used by the brain |
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16. What is the RDA for protein?
When may an increased level be necessary? |
0.8 g/kg/day
Preganant and lactating women Growing children Endurance training athletes *increased to 1.2 g/kg/day |
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17. What else is necessary to know in order to determine if protein consumption is satisfactory?
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Quality of the protein
High quality protein that contains all the essential amino acids Some plant proteins are low quality b/c they are deficient in one or more essential amino acids |
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18. What are the 10 essential amino acids?
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1. Leucine
2. Isoleucine 3. Valine 4. Lysine 5. Threonine 6. Histidine 7. Tryptophan 8. Phenylalanine 9. Methionine 10. Arigine |
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19. What is nitrogen balance?
What can problems in maintaining N balance result in? How much N do proteins contain? |
Difference between amount of N ingested (mainly dietary protein) and amount of N lost
Break down of body proteins 16% N |
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20. What are the major N containing excretion products?
Describe three N balance situations. |
Urea
Creatine Uric acid Ammonia Positive dietary N > excreted N Negative dietary N < excreted N Balance dietary N = excreted N |
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21. How is N balance when...
1. pregnant 2. Sepsis, burns 3. Low quality protein diet 4. Protein supplement |
1. Positive
2. Negative 3. Negative 4. Balanced |
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22. What are 2 important biochemical functions of fat?
What two fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body? |
1. Vehicle for lipid soluble vitamins
2. Source of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids α-linoleic α-linolenic acid |
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23. Why can these fatty acids not be synthesized by humans?
Why are they important? |
Contain double bond arrangements that humans cannot form
Supplied by plants oils Important for synthesis of eicosinoids and fluidity of membranes |
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24. What are eicosinoids?
Can we synthesize vitamins and minerals? |
Compounds w/ hormone-like actions that are important in inflammation
No, require them in trace amounts and must obtain from diet |
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25. What is total dietary fiber consist of?
What can functional fiber do? How much fiber do women and men require? |
Non-digestable plant carbohydrate and functional fiber
Slow down rate of gastric emptying, prevent absorption of dietary fats (including cholesterol) 38 and 25 g/d for men and women, respectively |