Dietary Proteins

Front 1

Essential Amino Acids

Back 1

Pvt Tim Hall
Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonione, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methione, Histadine, Argine, Leucine, Lysine

Front 2

What is tyrosine synthesized from and why is it important?

Back 2

Phenylaine
Used in signal transduction
Reciever of Pi group
Used for synthesis of Catecholamine (NT)
Presursor to Melanin

Front 3

What does cysteine require for synthesis?

Back 3

The sulfur from methinoine
It is good for treatment of hangovers

Front 4

Arginine

Back 4

Important in cell division and wound healing
Immediate precursor of Nitric Oxide
Not required in adults

Front 5

Non-essential AA

Back 5

Produced from carbs via intermediates of TCA or Acetyl CoA
Folllowed by tansamination to obtain Amino Nitrogen

Front 6

Kwashiorkor

Back 6

Infant is weaned from breast milk onto a starchy portein poor diet
Poor growth, muscle wasting, edema, diarrhea, increased infection

Front 7

Marasmus

Back 7

Inadequeate caloric intake
Elderly
Alcoholics

Front 8

Pepsin

Back 8

Secreted as pepsinogen by cheif cells
Starts cutting long chains into smaller peptides

Front 9

Enteropeptidase

Back 9

Enzyme in the intestine that activates trypsinogen into trypsin which in turns activates more pancreatic enzymes to break AA into di and tri-peptides

Front 10

Enterocyte

Back 10

Where di and tri peptides are hydrolyzed to their amina acids and the free ones are released into the portal system

Front 11

Endopeptidases

Back 11

Hydrolyze peptide bonds within the peptide chain
Pepsin,Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase

Front 12

Aminopeptidases

Back 12

EXOPEPTIDASE
Remove AA from the N-terminus

Front 13

Carboxypeptidase

Back 13

EXOPEPTIDASE
Remove AA from the C-terminus

Front 14

Absorbtion of AA
Seconday Active Transport

Back 14

Na+ dependent carriers Transport Na+ and AA TOGETHER INTO the cell.
Na+ is pumped OUT in exchange for K+ by Na+,K+-ATPase
On serosal side the A is carried by facilitated transporter DOWN its conc. to blood

Front 15

Absorbtion of AA
Gamma-Glutamyl Cycle

Back 15

GGT (transpeptidase) on the extracellular side reacts with a AA bring it inside the cell
Glutathione reacts to form a complex
Glutathione is then re-synthesized which requires energy

Front 16

Glutathione

Back 16

Helps cells in response to stress

Front 17

What AA's does the body circulate Nitrogen in?

Back 17

Mainly Glutamine and Alanine

Front 18

What do you need to remove to use AA for energy?

Back 18

α-amino group

Front 19

Transamination

Back 19

α-amino groups are transfered off an AA and onto α-ketoglutarate to form Glutamate leaving behind a α-keto acid

Front 20

What groups are linked in the Transamination

Back 20

Alanine - Pyruvate
Glutamate - α-ketoglutarate
Aspartate - Oxaloacetate

Front 21

What AA can NOT undergo Transamination and what cofactor is involved in teh rxn?

Back 21

Lysine and Threonine
PLP Vitamin B

Front 22

AST
ALT

Back 22

Aspartate - Oxaloacetate
Alinine - Pyruvate
Liver function is tested by these ALT is more specific but AST is more sensitive

Front 23

Deamination (Oxidative)

Back 23

Oxidation/reduction rxn that removes the NH4+

Front 24

Glutamate Dehydrongenase

Back 24

Emzyme that removes the ammonia ultimately from Glutamate
Requires NAD or NADP
Reversible

Front 25

Activators of Deamination

Back 25

ADP and GDP push rxn towards α-ketoglutarate

Front 26

Inhibitors of Deamination

Back 26

ATP and GTP push rxn towards glutamate

Front 27

Where do the two Nitrogens for the Urea cycle come from?

Back 27

NH4+ from deamination of glutamate and from Aspartate

Front 28

Where do the first 2 rxns of the urea cycle occur and then where do the rest?

Back 28

First 2 in the mitchondria
The rest in the cytosol

Front 29

What enzyme is used in Rxn 1 of the urea cycle?

Back 29

CPS-1 which is the rate limiting step requires ATP
Activated by large amounts of AA in circulation

Front 30

What enzyme is used in Rxn 2 of the urea cycle and what happens if their is a defect?

Back 30

Ornithine Transcarbamoylase
A complete deficiency is death and partial leads to increase Ammonia, respiratory alkalosis

Front 31

What connects the Urea Cycle and TCA

Back 31

Dynamically connected by intermediates being pulled off and shuttled in
Aspartate - Oxaloacetate
Fumerate - Maltate

Front 32

Activation of Carbamoyl Phosephate Synthetase (CPS-1)

Back 32

Arginine stimulates the synthesis of NAG which stimulates CPS-1
NAG has no other known functions

Front 33

Glucogenic

Back 33

AA used to produce glucose
Also produce intermediates in the TCA

Front 34

Ketogenic

Back 34

AA used to produce Ketone Bodies or Acetyl CoA

Front 35

BCAA

Back 35

Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine
Favorite of muscle
NOT used by liver, gut

Front 36

Valine

Back 36

Glucogenic
Forms Succinyl CoA
Used for energy or converted to Glucose

Front 37

Leucine

Back 37

Ketogenic
Forms Acetyl CoA
Used for energy or production of Ketone Bodies

Front 38

Isoleucine

Back 38

Forms both Acetyl CoA and Succinyl CoA
Carbon skeleton can be used for both glucose or ketone or used for energy

Front 39

PKU

Back 39

Deficiency in Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Causing Phe
Mental retardation
Failure to catch early results in drop of 1 IQ point a week

Front 40

Tyrosinemia

Back 40

Deficiency of 4-Hydroxylphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase Causing TYr, Phe in blood
Mental retardation
Hypopigmenation
Growth retardation

Front 41

Alcaptonuria

Back 41

Deficiency of Homogentisate oxidase
Darkens urine
Arthritic joint pain

Front 42

Albinism

Back 42

Tyrosine gene deficiency, Catecholamine unaffected
Absent of pigment in skin, hair, eyes, sensitive to UV

Front 43

MSUD

Back 43

Defciency of Branched Chain α-ketoacid dehydrongenase
Elevated levels of BCAA
Mental retardation
Urine smells like maple

Front 44

Homocystrinuria

Back 44

Deficinecy of Cystathionine Synthetase
Methionine in blood
Mental Retardation
Osteporosis
Dislocation of lens
heart disease

Front 45

3 pathways that BH4 affects

Back 45

Tyrosine, catecholamine and serotonin synthesis

Front 46

Glutamate and Aspartate

Back 46

Excitatory NT of brain
Synthesized in CNS

Front 47

Glutamate and GABA

Back 47

Inhibitory NT of brain

Front 48

Serotonin

Back 48

Derived from Tryptophan
Vasoconstrictor and NT for Smooth Muscle

Front 49

Whats happens in excitatory neurons?

Back 49

Glutamine is turned into Glutamate and released

Front 50

What happens in inhibitory neurons?

Back 50

Glutamine is turned into Glutamate and then decarboxylated (w/PLP) into GABA and released