Diet 315 Final Exam

Front 1

List the 5 major guidelines for proper hydration

Back 1

1. do not restrict fluids before, during, or after the event
2. do not rely on thirst as an indicator of fluid losses
3. drink early and at regular intervals throughout the activity
4. do not consume alcohol before, during or after exercise because it may act as a diuretic and prevent adequate fluid replenishment
5. monitor fluid losses: weigh in before and after practice, especially during hot weather and the conditioning phase of the season

Front 2

enzyme found in mitochondira involved in energy production; no studies of use in humans sports; used in Europe with persons having diabetes to treat insulin resistance and neuropathy ; no side effects

Back 2

ALA (alpha lipoc acid)

Front 3

intermediate in Krebs cycle ; some evidence as anticatabolic after surgery; unclear use in training; no side effects

Back 3

alpha-ketoglutarate

Front 4

protein synthesis; precursor to creatine and potential to increase GH; preursor to NO; little evidence some rationale for athletic improvement maybe the result of role as precursor to NO; some improvement in cardiac patients on protocol of 1.5g/10kg of body weight for 7 days ; no sit effects

Back 4

arginine

Front 5

anticatabolic; enhances recovery by stimulating protein and glycogen synthesis ; minimum gains in strength and lean body mass in untrained athletes and the elderly; possibly catabolic with prolonged exercise; mixed reports in trained subjects ; no side effects with short term use

Back 5

HMB (hydroxymetalbutarate)

Front 6

improves CF, FAM, and EP; limited research shows improvement in CF, FAM, Ep although studies were flawed; no side effects reported

Back 6

Siberian Ginseng (ES)

Front 7

stimulate central nervous system; increases energy; research shows with caffeine increases energy, time to exchaustion, increases metabolism without exercise, without caffiene, no benefit ; side effects include restlessness, nervousness, tachycardia, arrhythmias, hypertension, death

Back 7

Ephedrine, other sympathomimetics

Front 8

serves as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug alternative; research shows readily absorbed benefit in reducing pain and need for medication ; no side effects reported

Back 8

glucosamine

Front 9

antioxidant; increases energy expenditure ; limited research, may increase energy expenditure; same side effects as caffene

Back 9

green tea extract

Front 10

anabolic effect on muscle growth; increase fat metabolism, research shows limited ergogenic benefits ; side effects are significant and dancers ; it is illegal

Back 10

human growth hormone (HGH)

Front 11

metabolite of dimethylsulfoxide, a solvent used topically for analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties ; research shows little evidence of effectiveness for pain control in humans ; no side effects

Back 11

MSM

Front 12

What are the androgenic anabolic steroid effects in athelets?

Back 12

premature closing of growth plates
increased sex drive, acne vulgaris, enlarged breasts, testicular hypotrophy, infertility, clitoris enlargement, excessive body hair, increase strength and lean body mass, no increase in endurance performance; increased blood pressure, depresssion of HDL, HDL2, and HDL 3 cholesterol, disturbance in endocrine and immune function, peliosis (purpura) hepitits, increased liver enzymes, jaundice, cancer, infections from injectable forms, increase in aggresive behavior, mood disterbances, changes in hemostatic system and urogenital tract, altered glucose metabolism, immune system suppression, low thyroid hormone levels, short stature, tendon rupture, acne, cysts, oily scalp

Front 13

failure of esophageal neurons, resulting in loss of ability to relax the LES and normal peristalsis

Back 13

achalasia

Front 14

backward flow of the stomach, duodenal contents or both into the esophagus characterized by burning sensation after meals or heartburn.

Back 14

GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease

Front 15

a general term for any inflammation, irritation, or swelling of the esophagus, the tube that leads from the back of the mouth to the stomach; inflammation ulceration erosisions or scarring

Back 15

esophagitis

Front 16

an out pouching of a portion of the stomach into the chest through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm . epigastric discomfort after large, energy dense meals. may require surgery

Back 16

histal hernia

Front 17

epigastric discomfort after meals (indegestion )

Back 17

dyspepsia

Front 18

rapid onset of inflammation and symptoms (nausea, vommiting, malaise, anorexia, hemorrhage, and epigastric pain) ; results when infectious chemical, or neural abnormalities disrupt mucosal integrity of the stomach

Back 18

acute gatritis

Front 19

inflammation and symptoms(nausea, vommiting, malaise, anorexia, hemorrhage, and epigastric pain) occuring over a period of time

Back 19

chronic gastritis

Front 20

defect in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, an area called the duodenum

Back 20

peptic ulcer disease

Front 21

in stomach, normal or low acid secretion

Back 21

gastric ulcers

Front 22

in duodenum; high acid secretion

Back 22

duodenal ulcers

Front 23

complex physiologic response to the rapid emptying of hypertonic contents into the duodenum and jejunum

Back 23

dumping syndrome

Front 24

What are the NCP guidelines for GERD, esophagitis, achalasia, and histal hernia?

Back 24

avoid large,high fat meals
avoid eating at least 3-4 hours before resting
avoid smoking
avoid alcohol beverages
avoid caffeine-containing foods and beverages
stay upright and avoid vigorous activity soon after eating
avoid tight fitting clothing, especially after a meal
consume healthy nutritionally complete diet with adequate fiber
avoid acidic highly spiced foods when inflammation exists
lose weight if over weight

Front 25

What is the etiology for PED?

Back 25

h.pylori infection
Aspirin and othe NSAIDS
stress
gastritis

Front 26

What is the pathophysiology for PED?

Back 26

erosion through muscularis mucosa into submucose or muscularis propria

Front 27

What is the nutrition therapy for PED?

Back 27

decrease consumption of alcohol, spices (particularly red and black peppers when inflammed) coffee and caffeine ; increase consumption of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids with may help to protect and intake of good nutrition

Front 28

rapid delivery as well as hydrolysis and absorption of CHO, produces an exaggerated rise in insulin levels with a subsequent decline in blood glucose levels

Back 28

reactive hypoglycemia (alemintary hypoglycemia)

Front 29

What is the MNT for dumping syndrome and reactive hypoglycemia? (7)

Back 29

1. small meals spread throughout the day (less dramatic fluid shifts)
2. high protein , moderate fat foods are recommended with sufficient calories for weight maintenance or gain as needed
3. intake of fibrous foods slows upper GI transit and increases viscosity. to avoid obstruction caution should be used with large particles or fiber supplements
4. lying down and aoviding activity an hour after eating may help slow gastric emptying
5. taking large amounts of liquid with meals is thought to hasten GI transit, but adequte amounts of liquid should be consumed thoughout the day, small amounts at a time
6. only very small quantities of hypertonic concentrated sweets should be ingested. these include soft drinks, juices, pies, cakes, cookies, and frozen desserts(unless made with sugar substitues)
7. Lactose, especialyly milk or ice cream may be poorly tolerated because of rapid transit and thus may need to be avoided. Cheeses and yogurt are lilkely to be better tolerated

Front 30

Name 3 basic foods 3 neutral foods and 3 acidic foods

Back 30

BAsic: rraw spinach
olive oil, cabbage ( raw foods are less acidic)
neutral : butter, fresh unsalted, cream, fresh raw, margarine, and all oils but olive
acidic: coconut nuts, pasta

Front 31

air that is swallowed (aerophagia) and other gases are produced in the gastrointestinal tract by digestive processes and bacteria ; intestinal gases: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and sometimes methane

Back 31

flatulence

Front 32

defined as having a bowel movement les than 3 times per week. it is usually associated with hard stools or difficulty passing stools

Back 32

constipation

Front 33

characterized by the frequent evacuation of liquid stools, usually exceeding 300 ml, accompanied by an excessive loss of fluid and electrolytes, espeically sodium and potassium

Back 33

diarrhea

Front 34

excess fat in the stool

Back 34

steatorrhea

Front 35

difficulty absorbing nutrients from food

Back 35

malabsorptino

Front 36

list the guidelines for high fiber diet

Back 36

1. increase consumption of whole grain breads, cereals, and other products to 6-11 servings a day
2. increase consumption of vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts and edible seeds to 5-8 servings daily
3. consume high fiber cereals , granolas, and legumes to bring fiber intake to 25 g in women or 38 g in men or more daily
4. increase consumption of fluids to a least 2 L or approximately 2 qts daily

Front 37

intolerance caused by genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, immune component : antibodies to specific dietary protein fractions, exposure to gluten alcohol- soluble fraction of wheat, rye, barley protein

Back 37

etiology of celiac disease

Front 38

Damage to small bowel: atrophy and flattening of villi, reduced area for absorption, cellular deficiency of disaccharides and peptidases, reduced nutrient transport carriers ; extraintestinal manifestations: anemia, bone loss, muscle weakness , polyneuropathy, endocrine disorders, follicular hyperkeratosis, dermatitis herpetitiformis; intestinal manifestations: chronic diarrhea, chronic constipation, and malabsorption of vitamins and minerals

Back 38

pathophysiology of celiac disease