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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main functions of Vitamin E and why is it important?
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*acts as an antioxidant
*protects polyunsaturated fatty acids and Vitamin A in cell membranes from oxidative damage by being oxidized instead Why? his is important in protecting the integrity of lung and red blood cell membranes |
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What are the food sources of vitamin E?
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-vegetable oils, margarine, wheat germ oil
-cereals, meats, poultry, eggs, fruits -almonds, walnuts, peanuts, pistachios, hazelnuts -vegetables, olives, esparagus, legumes, corn, lentils, rice, avacados |
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What are the diseases caused by the lack of vitamin E?
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-chronic fat absorption disorder - cystic fibrosis and biliary artesia
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What are the symptoms of the diseases caused by lack of Vitamin E?
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-Symptoms - neurologic disorders resulting from cell damage and anemia caused by hemolysis of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia)
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What is the toxicity of Vitamin E?
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no evidence of toxicity associated with excessive intake
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What can mega doses of Vitamin E cause?
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megadosis can exacerbate the anticoagulant effect of drugs taken to reduce blood clotting
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When is Vitamin E not reccommened?
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Vitamin E supplementation is not recommended in people who receive anticoagulant therapy, have a coagulation disorder, or have a deficiency in vitamin K
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What are the functions of Vitamin D?
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*Affects bone mineralization and mineral homeostasis by helping to regulate blood calcium levels
*Intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus depends on the action of vitamin D *modulation of neuromuscular and immune function and reduction of inflammation *Helps with normal development of bones and teeth |
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What is the only vitamin the body can synthesize?
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Vitamin D; not essential nutrient
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What are the sources of Vitamin D?
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*If take in enough ultraviolet light or sunshine, body can manufacture its own vitamin D
food sources: fat from animal products such as butter, egg yolks, fatty fish, and liver; milk is not good source |
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What are the diseases caused by Vitamin D deficiency?
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Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, also risk factor for CAD, rheumatoid arthritis, cancers, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis
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What can toxicity of Vitamin D cause?
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- Hypercalcemia- causes high blood levels of calcium.
- Hypercalciuria- causes high calcium level in urine - Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria affect kidneys and may cause cardiovascular damage. |
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Because body can produce this vitamin itself, it is technically a ________.
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horrmone
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When supplied by the diet, it is technically a _______.
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vitamin
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True or False?
Older adults less efficient in synthesizing vitamin D |
true
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What is the active form of vitamin D (transformed into this by sunlight, liver, and kidneys)?
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Cholecalciferol
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What does milk contain?
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vitamin D fortification, and calcium and phosphorus need vitamin D for absorption
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What is the only vitamin the body can create?
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vitamin D
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What does the amount of VitaminD produced by the body depend on?
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amount of exposure to UV radiation, atmospheric conditions, skin pigmentation (darker reduces effect of radiation on skin), sunscreen, concealing clothing, and aging.
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What is the adequate intake of Vitamin D?
Between 51-70? after 70? |
5 mcg from food
51-70=10mcg 70+= 15mcg |
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What is the UL for vitamin D?
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50mcg from food.
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Because vegans lack Vitamin D because they don't eat meat, they will need _________ or ________.
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supplements or regular sunlight
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When do toxicity symptoms occur with Vitamin D?
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Toxicity symptoms occur when dietary intake is just above UL of 50mcg, making vitamin D the most toxic vitamin.
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Is vitamin D fat-soluble or water soluble?
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fat soluble
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What is the Pharmaceutical name for cobalamin or B12?
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cyanocobalamin
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What is the normal functioning of B12?
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normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, as well as the formation of blood
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What are the functions of B12?
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*transport and storage of folate
*synthesis of DNA and RNA *metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids *develops and maintains the myelin sheaths that surround and protect nerve fibers |
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What are the sources of B12
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animal sources (meat, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy products)
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What can deficiencies of B12 cause?
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• pernicious anemia
• megaloblastic anemia • CNS damage |
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What is the toxicity level of B12?
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none
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What are two benefits of B12?
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Reduces the levels of homocysteine, decreasing the risk of CAD.
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What is the recommended value of B12?
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2.4 mcg daily (one glass of skim milk provides 0.93 mcg of vitamin B12)
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What is folate?
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a water-soluble vitamin that is found naturally in fruits and vegetables. In its synthetic for (Folic acid), it is used to enrich foods such as cereal, and found readily available in supplements.
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What are the functions of folate?
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* produce and maintain new cells
* Critical in the synthesis of RNA, DNA, amino acids * Essential for the metabolizing homocysteine * Critical in the forming of the heme portion of hemoglobin * Proper formation of the fetal neural tube |
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What are natural sources for folate?
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Leafy green vegetables like spinach and turnip greens, fruits; especially citrus fruits, and dried beans and peas
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What are synthetic forms of folate?
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Enriched breads, cereals, flours, rice, pasta.
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What are diseases caused by deficiencies of folate?
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Several types of anemia, irritability, absentmindedness, depression, and anxiety
* Also without the maintenance of our homocysteine levels that folate plays an important role in, higher levels of homocysteine in our blood causes us to be at risk for cardiovasculardiseases. |
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What is the toxicity for folate?
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Toxicity is not a widespread issue because folate is a water-soluble vitamin, it there is too much in the blood it is excreted in the urine. The only real concern for too much folate would be in patients that have to take anti-seizure medicines. More often than not the lack of folate causes many more issues than too much of this vitamin.
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When is folate critically important?
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childbearing years, or trying to conceive
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Why is folate critically important?
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low levels of this vitamin while pregnant, have been linked to several diseases to the fetus during development of the neural tube invetro
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What diseases can be linked to low levels of folate when conceiving?
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Spina Bifida, or Muscular Dystrophies etc..., any disease linked to neurological development crucial to the neural tube development
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What are the functions of Vitamin K?
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*allow your blood to cloth normlly
*help protect your bones from fracture *help prevent postmenopausal bone loss *help prevent calcification of your arteries *provide possible protection against liver and prostate cancer |
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What are the food sources for Vitamin K?
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*Cabbage, lettuce, cauliflower, spinach, other green leafy vegetables
*cereals, soybeans, and other vegetable |
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What can deficiencies of Vitamin K cause?
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*nosebleed, bleeding gums, heavy menstruation, blood in stool, blood in urine, black or tarry stool, tinted urine, or easy bruising
*bone fracture *chronic liver disease *cystic fibrosis *hardening arteries *inflammatory bowel disease *liver cancer *pancreatic cancer *kidney stones |
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Is Thiamine(Thiamin) a water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamin?
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water-soluble
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What is Thiamine also known as?
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vitamin B1 or aneurine
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Which vitamin was the first organic compound to be recognized a vitamin?
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Thiamine
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What are the functions of thiamine?
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*nervous system and muscle functioning
*flow of electrolytes in and out of nerve and muscle cells (through ion channels) *multiple enzyme processes (via the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate) *carbohydrate metabolism *production of hydrochloric acid (which is necessary for proper digestion) |
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In how many days can depletion of thiamine occur?
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14 days
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What are the food sources of thiamine?
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Dietary sources of thiamine include beef, brewer's yeast, legumes (beans, lentils), milk, nuts, oats, oranges, pork, rice, seeds, wheat, whole grain cereals, and yeast
* In industrialized countries, white rice/flour are usually fortified with thiamine |
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What diseases can deficiencies of thiamine cause?
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Beriberi, Wernicke's encephalopathy, Korsakoff's psychosis, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
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What is toxicity with thiamine?
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toxicity is uncommon; excesses are excreted.
* larger than 3 grams can cause toxicity. |
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When may people require more thiamine?
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*depression
*anxiety *those passing large volumes of urine *those suffering from an infection |
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Thiamine intake may need to be monitored when...
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taking alcohol, antacids and birth control pills or if you have hormone replacement therapy
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What can thiamine be useful for?
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motion sickness with sea/air travel
and repelling insects |
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What are the functions of biotin?
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Used in cell growth (a coenxyme in energy reactions) and plays an important role in metabolizing carbs, fat and proteins
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What are the food sources of biotin?
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Spinach, yeast, nuts, salmon, chicken breasts, mushrooms, eggs, cheese,
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Is biotin an essential or non-essential vitamin?
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essential
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What are the diseases caused by the lack of biotin?
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thinning of hair and hair loss, dry, scaly skin, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, mental depression
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What are the functions of Vitamin A?
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Maintains skin and mucous membranes throughout the body
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What does Vitamin A do for vision?
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eyes depend on rhodopsin(formed partly from vitamin A) to adjust to light variations. Without this vitamin rhodopsin can not be formed and the retina can not easily respond to light changes resulting in night blindness.
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What does Vitamin A do for bone growth?
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growth process requires vitamin A to undo existing bone reshape it and enlarge the bone.
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How does Vitamin A help the immune system?
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Vitamin A maintains epithelial tissues which provide protection against infections and ensuring optimal functioning.
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How does Vitamin A help with reproduction?
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Vitamin A has hormone-like effects that appear to be tied to cell synthesis for reproductive purposes.
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What are the two categories of sources of Vitamin A?
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1. The preformed retinoids
2. The precursor Carotenoids |
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What are retinoids and where can they be found?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
found in fat of animal foods
* whole milk * butter * liver * egg yolks * fatty fish |
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What are Carotenoids and where can they be found?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. |
found in deep green, yellow and orange fruits and veggies; plant foods
* Broccoli * Cantaloupe * Sweet potatoes * Carrots * Tomatoes * Spinach |
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What are the 4 deficiency diseases associated with Vitamin A?
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1. Xerophthalmia
2. Immune System endangered 3. Fat malabsorption at risk for Vitamin A deficiency since it is fat-soluble. 4. Golden Rice |
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What is Caused by the dengeneration of the epithelial tissues protectin gthe eye itself. Manifested by night blindness progressing to a hard, dry cornea (keratinization) or Kerotomalacia resulting in complete blindness.
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Xerophthalmia
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How is the immune system endangered with Vitamin A deficiency?
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Compromised epithelial tissues; results in hyperkeratosis, respiratory infections, diarrhea, and other GI disturbances.
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What is genetically transformed rice to have increased amounts of vitamin A helping to areas of world who are at risk for deficiency and have limited availability of food?
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Golden Rice
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What can vitamin A toxicity cause?
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1. Hypervitaminosis A
2. Toxicity does not occur from the carotenoid precursor but if consumed in excess the skin takes on an orange hue. 3. Immediate symptoms of toxicity include blistered skin, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, headache, joint pain, irritability, and enlargement of the spleen and liver. 4. Long-term effects include bone abnormalities and liver damage. |
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What is occurs from an acute or chronic intake of preformed vitamin A supplements. Naturally most foods do not contain high enough levels to result in toxicity. Only exception is hybernating polar bear livers which hold an extraordianry amount of vitamin A?
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Hypervitaminosis A
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What is the name of Vitamin B-2?
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Riboflavin
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What are the 3 functions of Riboflavin?
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1. energy metabolism
2. building tissue 3. helps maintain good vision. |
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Where can Riboflavin be found?
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dairy products, lean meats, poultry, fish, grains, broccoli, turnip greens, asparagus, spinach, and enriched food products.
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What can the deficiency of Riboflavin cause?
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skin lesions, lesions of smooth surfaces in the digestive tract, or nervous disorders.
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What are the 5 symptoms of riboflavin deficiency?
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1. Swelling and fissuring(breaking or cracking) of the lips (cheilosis)
2. Ulceration and cracking of the angles of the mouth (angular stomatitis) 3. Oily, scaly skin rashes on the scrotum, vulva, or area between the nose and lips 4. Inflammation of the tongue 5. Red, itchy eyes that are sensitive to light. |
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The nervous system Riboflavin deficiency symptoms are:
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1. Numbness of the hands.
2. Decreased sensitivity to touch, temperature, and vibration. |
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What can Riboflavin toxicity cause?
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No known toxicity to riboflavin(water-soluble)
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What can possible high doses of Riboflavin cause?
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Possible reactions to very high doses may include itching, numbness, burning or prickling sensations, and sensitivity to light. Excess riboflavin excreted in the urine causes it to become bright yellow in color, which many people notice when they take B vitamin supplements.
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What are the dietary sources of Choline?
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egg yolk, soy, dairy, veal, and liver
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What are the symptoms of toxicity of Choline?
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sweating, fishy body odor, vomiting, liver damage, and low blood pressure
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What are the adequate Intake levels of Choline?
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550 mg/day for men and 425 mg/day for women
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What is the Upper Level Intake of Choline?
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3500 mg/day for adults
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What are some diseases that can be treated with Choline?
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Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Alcoholism, and Bipolar Disorder
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What is the major function of Choline?
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used in the synthesis of acetylcholine and lecithin
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What is Pantothenic Acid also known as?
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Vitamin B-5
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What are the functions of Pantothenic Acid?
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functions as part of coenzyme A; therefore, it is required for the metabolism of carbs, fats, and protein.
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What are the sources of Pantothenic Acid?
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It is wide spread in foods and can easily be consumed in whole grain cerals, meats, liver, kidney, fish, shellfish, chicken, vegetables, legumes, yeast, and eggs
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When might women need to increase their intake of Pantothenic Acid?
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when taking contraceptives
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What is the deficiencies of Pantothenic Acid?
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highly unlikely to be deficient because it is found in so many foods
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Up to what dose of Pantothenic Acid will have no ill effects?
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up to 10g
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What can daily doses of 10-20g of Pantothenic Acid cause?
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diarrhea or water retention.
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Pantothenic Acid is also good for __________ and ____________ (ointment form), and _________ and rheumatoid arthritis.
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1. lowering cholesterol
2. accelerating the closure of skin wounds 3. improvements in athletic performance |
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What is the real name for Vitamin B6?
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Pyridoxine
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What are the 7 major functions of Pyridoxine?
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1. act as a coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids and proteins. It also serves as a coenzyme for fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism.
2. formation of neurotransmitters and are essential for proper functioning in the Nervous System. 3. prevent vomit and nausea during pregnancies 4. helps with depression by raising the serotonin levels. 5. may reduce risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 6. reduces risk of Colorectal cancer in woman. 7.improve symptoms of PMS, such as bloating and irritability |
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Where can vitamin B6 be found?
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whole grains and cereals, carrots, brown rice, milk, cheese, spinach, legumes, chicken, fish, pork, whole-grain flour and eggs.
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What can deficiency of B6 cause?
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B6 deficiency is very rare;
weakness, dermatitis, poor growth, irritability, nervousness and convulsions. |
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Can you overdose on Vitamin B6?
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Yes, you would have trouble tocoordinate muscular movements such as trouble walking and numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.
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What can prolonged doses of Vitamin B6 cause?
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ataxia and sensory neuropathy.
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What is the recommended daily amount for men and women when taking Vitamin B6?
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1.3mg
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What is another name for Vitamin B3?
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Niacin
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Is Niacin Water-soluble or Fat-soluble?
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water-soluble
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What are the functions of Niacin?
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1. involved as a coenzyme for many enzymes
2. it is citical for glycolysis an the tricarboxylic acid cycle 3. it is needed for proper digestions 4. it is needed for enegy metabolism 5. it is needed for a healthy nervous system 6. it helps the body make sex and stress-related hormones 7. also helps in lowering triglyceride levels |
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What are sources of Niacin?
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* meat
* poultry * fish * legumes * enriched cereals * milk * coffee, and tea Anything high protein... |
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What are deficiency diseases of Niacin?
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Pellagra characterized by:
* Diarrhea(damage to the GI tract affects digestion, absorption and exretion of food, leading to glossitis, vomiting, and diarrhea) * Dermatitis(a symmetric scaly rash that occurs only on skin exposed to the sun) * Dementia(as the CNS becomes affected in severe deficiences, confusion, anxiety, insomnia, and paranoia develop) |
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Pellagra might develop among people who ________, the _______ and __________. Pellagra can also occur as a secondary condition to ____________.
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1. excessively ingest alcohol
2. the homeless 3. people who fail to eat regularly 4. anorexia nervosa. |
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What is affected by Toxicity from Niacin? and what are the symptoms?
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The vascular system;
headache, cramps, iching, heartburn, flushing, liver problems, low bood pressure, nausea, and ucer irritation |
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Why was Vitamin C first discovered?
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treatment for scurvy
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What is scurvy?
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Vitamin deficiency of Vitamin C.
& If not treated, results in weakening of CT and cause inflammation. |
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What is the main ingredient in Vitamin C?
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ascorbic acid.
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What are the 8 functions of Vitamin C?
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1. Serves as an antioxidant and as a coenzyme
2. Collagen formation for bone matrix, teeth, cartilage, and CT depends on ascorbic acids. Vitamin C provides the cement that holds structures together. 3. Wound healing requires Vitamin C. 4. Protects substances from destruction by oxygen as they move through the body makes it an antioxidant. 5. Limits the development of artherosclerotic plaques. 6. Enhances absorption of iron 7. Thyroid and adrenal hormone synthesis requires Vitamin C 8. Role in reducing the risk of cancer development. |
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What are the sources of Vitamin C?
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1. fruits and vegetables.
-citrus fruits, red and green peppers, strawberries, broccoli and orange juice 2. |
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Deficiency diseases due to lack of Vitamin C:
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1. Scurvy – tissues degenerate due to lack of cement provided by Vitamin C.
2. Gingivitis. 3. Bruising. 4. Hemorrhages. 5. Plaques form 6. May ultimately lead to death. |
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Who are at risk for Vitamin C deficiency?
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older adults & pregnant women
alcohol/drug users/smokers/poor dietary intake |
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What is a myth of Vitamin C?
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it prevents the common cold.
-it can help decrease the duration and severity of its symptoms |
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What are the 2 functions of Vitamin E?
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1. acts as an antioxidant
2. protects polyunsaturated fatty acids and Vitamin A in cell membranes from oxidative damage by being oxidized instead; this is important in protecting the integrity of lung and red blood cell membranes |
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What are the food sources of Vitamin E?
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1. vegetable oils, margarine, wheat germ oil,
2. cereals, meats, poultry, eggs, fruits 3. almonds, walnuts, peanuts, pistachios, hazelnuts 4. vegetables, olives, esparagus, legumes, corn, lentils, rice, avacados |
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What are the diseases caused by the lack of Vitamin E?
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1. chronic fat absorption disorder - cystic fibrosis and biliary artesia
-Symptoms - neurologic disorders resulting from cell damage and anemia caused by hemolysis of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia) |
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What is the toxicity of Vitamin E?
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no evidence of toxicity associated with excessive intake
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What can mega doses of Vitamin E cause?
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mega doses can exacerbate the anticoagulant effect of drugs taken to reduce blood clotting
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When is Vitamin E not recommended?
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Vitamin E supplementation is not recommended in people who receive anticoagulant therapy, have a coagulation disorder, or have a deficiency in vitamin K
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