Diet 214 Chapter 6 Proteins

Front 1

_______ are organic compounds formed from chains of amino acids

Back 1

Proteins

Front 2

________ are amino acids that cannot be manufactured by the human body

Back 2

Essential amino acids (EAAs)

Front 3

__________ are amino acids manufactured by the human body

Back 3

Nonessential amino acids (NEAAs)

Front 4

Each cell synthesizes proteins needed; cell must have access to ________

Back 4

all 20 amino acids

Front 5

_______ is the assortment of amino acids available to cells

Back 5

Amino acid pool

Front 6

Collection of amino acids that is constantly resupplied with _______ allows the cell to build proteins easily

Back 6

EAA’s

Front 7

Complex composition of protein understood through four structural levels:

Back 7

-primary structure
-secondary structure
-tertiary structure
-quaternary structure

Front 8

________ determined by number, assortment, and sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains

Back 8

Primary structure

Front 9

________ affects shape of amino acid chain; may be straight, folded or coiled

Back 9

Secondary structure

Front 10

_________ results when polypeptide chain is so coiled that loops of coil touch, forming strong bonds within chain itself

Back 10

Tertiary structure

Front 11

_______ is proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain

Back 11

Quaternary structure

Front 12

true/false:

If structure of protein changes, protein may not be able to perform original function

Back 12

true

Front 13

_______ is a change in shape of protein structures caused by heat, light, acids, alcohol, or mechanical actions

Back 13

Denatured

Front 14

_______ when the white of an uncooked egg is beaten; clear liquid turns white, foamy, and stiff

Back 14

proteins have been denatured

Front 15

Still a good source of amino acids; the shape of the chain has been changed

Back 15

denatured proteins

Front 16

_______ are controlled by mechanisms that keep our internal environment at the correct pH

Back 16

denaturation of body proteins

Front 17

Too _______ can lead to denaturation of proteins in the body; leaving them unable to perform their functions

Back 17

basic/acidic

Front 18

Site of only mechanical digestion of protein

Back 18

mouth

Front 19

Stomach mucosa secretes _________ and _________

Back 19

pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid (HCL)

Front 20

When pepsin activated by HCL process of protein hydrolysis begins resulting in _________________

Back 20

smaller-sized polypeptides

Front 21

________ and ________ continue hydrolysis of polypeptides

Back 21

Pancreatic and intestinal proteases

Front 22

Absorption of amino acids occurs through intestinal wall by competitive active transport requiring _________ as carrier

Back 22

vitamin B6

Front 23

Since amino acids are water soluble easily pass into ______

Back 23

blood stream

Front 24

Most protein functions result of protein ___________ in cells

Back 24

anabolism (sythesis)

Front 25

_______ have major role in regulation of protein metabolism

Back 25

Hormones

Front 26

Anabolism enhanced by effect of _________ and ________

Back 26

growth hormone (pituitary gland) and testosterone

Front 27

Hormones affecting protein catabolism are _______, are enhanced by __________

Back 27

glucocorticoids

adrenocorticorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 28

Catabolism begins in _____ cells through deamination

Back 28

liver

Front 29

________ a process through which an amino acid group breaks off from an amino acid molecule, resulting in molecules of ammonia and keto acid

Back 29

Deamination

Front 30

During deamination, most of the _______ converted to _______ by liver, later excreted in urine

Back 30

ammonia

urea

Front 31

_________ either enters tricarboxylic acid (TCA) for energy or converted to glucose and fat (gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis)

Back 31

Keto acid

Front 32

_______ results in increased deamination by liver

Back 32

protein excess

Front 33

________:
-may result in high levels of keto acids, possibly ketosis
-increased urea excreted by kidneys

Back 33

protein excess

Front 34

_______ and ______ could be stressed therefore general recommendation to consume no more than twice Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein

Back 34

liver and kidneys

Front 35

_____ and _____- due to animal-derived proteins (high in saturated fat and cholesterol

Back 35

CAD and some cancers

Front 36

________- high protein intake increases calcium excretion

Back 36

Osteoporosis

Front 37

________ studies used to determine protein requirements throughout life cycle and to assign value to protein quality of foods to determine biologic value

Back 37

Nitrogen-balance

Front 38

_________ studies measurement of amount of nitrogen (N) entering body compared with amount excreted

Back 38

Nitrogen-balance

Front 39

__________: when more N retained in body than excreted

Back 39

Positive N balance

Front 40

_______ is used to form new cells for growth or healing

Back 40

Nitrogen

Front 41

_________ usually occurs among children, pregnant women, and individuals recovering from illness or injury

Back 41

positive nitrogen balance

Front 42

_________: when more N excreted than retained

Back 42

Negative nitrogen balance

Front 43

________ may be caused by aging, physical illness, extreme stress, starvation, surgery, or eating disorders.

Back 43

Negative nitrogen balance

Front 44

_______ needed to make proteins for muscle, tissue, bone formation, collagen, connective tissues, synthesis of scar tissue, and continual turnover of cells

Back 44

Amino acids

Front 45

_________ act as communicators to alert different parts of body to changes or to regulate function; some hormones are proteins

Back 45

Hormones

Front 46

______ are catalysts enabling chemical reactions or biologic changes to occur; enzymes are proteins

Back 46

Enzymes

Front 47

_______ depends on protein substances; several of the factors, such as fibrogen, are protein

Back 47

Blood clotting

Front 48

To defend body from foreign viruses and bacteria, proteins, or antibodies, are produced

Back 48

Immune system response

Front 49

Overall immunologic response depends on _______ formed within body

Back 49

proteins

Front 50

______ maintain body fluid and electrolyte balance

Back 50

Proteins

Front 51

As proteins circulate through body fluids, keeps water appropriately divided among 3 compartments:

Back 51

intravascular – within veins and arteries
intracellular –inside cells
Interstitial –between cells

Front 52

_______ can buffer effect of fluids to maintain safe acidic level in body fluids

Back 52

Blood proteins

Front 53

_______ of protein is ability of protein to regulate balance between acidic and base characteristics of body fluids

Back 53

Buffering effect

Front 54

_______ to protect shape of proteins to be able to perform usual functions

Back 54

Crucial function

Front 55

For individual cells, proteins act as ______, assisting nutrient movement in and out of cells

Back 55

pumps

Front 56

Transport of nutrients in blood by proteins such as _______

Back 56

lipoproteins

Front 57

Hemoglobin, special protein carrier, transports _______ in blood

Back 57

oxygen

Front 58

globin, another protein carrier, stores oxygen in _______

Back 58

muscles

Front 59

Proteins in foods categorized by ________

Back 59

EAAs

Front 60

_______ contains all nine essential amino acids

Back 60

Complete protein

Front 61

Animal-derived foods, including meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and most dairy products and soybeans- which are the only plant source that provides all _________

Back 61

9 essential AA’s

Front 62

_______ contains best balance and assortment of essential and nonessential amino acids for protein synthesis

Back 62

High quality protein

Front 63

_________ lack one or more of essential amino acids

Back 63

Incomplete protein

Front 64

________ the essential amino acid or amino acids that incomplete proteins lack

Back 64

Limiting amino acid

Front 65

By eating a combination of plant foods containing different EAAs, intake equals _______

Back 65

complete protein value

Front 66

Complementary proteins include:

Back 66

grains (e.g., wheat or rice) with legumes (e.g., kidney beans or chickpeas); and grains or legumes with small amounts of animal protein

Front 67

________ determines quality of food protein by measuring amount of N kept in body after digestion, absorption, and excretion

Back 67

Biologic value

Front 68

_________ measures amino acid composition of food as compared with reference protein; based on limiting amino acid

Back 68

Amino acid score

Front 69

___________ determines quality of food protein by comparing weight gain to protein intake

Back 69

Protein efficiency ration (PER)

Front 70

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein provides:

Back 70

-Sufficient intake of EAAs
-Enough total protein to provide amino groups to build new NEAAs
-Other factors affecting protein RDA are age, gender, physiologic state, and sources of protein

Front 71

RDA for protein is ______

Back 71

0.8g/kg (or 2.2 lbs)

Front 72

-Average adult man, RDA ___
-Average adult woman, RDA is _____
-Suggested levels for athletes _______

Back 72

-58 to 63 g
-46 to 50 g
-1 to 1.5 g/kg

Front 73

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) suggest protein consumption range between ______% of energy intake

Back 73

10-35%

Front 74

To find what you weigh in kg:

To get RDA:

Back 74

weight in lbs/2.2

take what you get in kg x 0.8

Front 75

________consists of only plant foods; grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, seeds, and nuts

Back 75

Vegan dietary pattern

Front 76

_________ consist of only plant foods plus dairy products; milk, cheese, yogurt, butter

Back 76

Lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern

Front 77

__________ consists of only plant foods plus dairy products and eggs

Back 77

Ovo-lacto vegetarian dietary pattern

Front 78

Health benefits of being a vegetarian:

Back 78

-reduced risk of obesity
-coronary artery disease (CAD)
-type 2 diabetes mellitus
-hypertension
-gastrointestinal disorder
-certain cancers

Front 79

Benefits of Vegetarianism:

_______:religious belief in nonharming or protection of animal rights

Back 79

Spiritual rationale

Front 80

Benefits of Vegetarianism:

_________: financial cost of animal-related products compared to plant foods but costs to natural environment as well

Back 80

Economic and/or environmental benefits

Front 81

Vegan dietary pattern deficient in _______ and ______

Back 81

vitamins D and B12

Front 82

Representative of new semivegetarian dietary patterns evolving to decrease risk of chronic diet-related diseases

Back 82

contemporary vegetarianism

Front 83

______ dietary pattern of consumption of small amounts of fish

Back 83

Pesco-vegetarian

Front 84

_______ dietary pattern of consuming limited quantities of chicken

Back 84

Pollo-vegetarian

Front 85

________ an imbalanced nutrient and/or energy intake

Back 85

Malnutrition

Front 86

________: starvation caused by lack of protein, energy, or both; may result in marasmus and kwashiorkor

Back 86

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)

Front 87

________: malnutrition caused by lack of energy intake

Back 87

Marasumus

Front 88

________: malnutrition caused by lack of protein while consuming adequate energy

Back 88

Kwahiorkor

Front 89

People with _____ are extremely thin, muscle mass is reduced, damage can occur to organs (heart, lungs), brain damage can result

Back 89

Marasumus

Front 90

People with _____ have swollen belly, full cheeks caused by edema, apathetic and have muscle weakness and poor growth

Back 90

Kwahiorkor

Front 91

Forces affecting developing malnutrition:

Back 91

-Biologic factors affect ability of body to use nutrients
-Economic factors limit ability to purchase food as affected by country’s economy and employment opportunities
-Environmental factors directly affect food availability such as crop production and food safety

Front 92

Regardless of overall wealth of nations, ______, ______, and _______ are malnutrition factors worldwide

Back 92

lack of education, social isolation, and effects of underemployment

Front 93

Health and economic support systems throughout life span can prevent ________

Back 93

malnutrition

Front 94

________ continual experience of under nutrition
(not enough food to eat)

Back 94

Chronic hunger

Front 95

Groups at Risk in North America:

Back 95

-Homeless individuals living in temporary sites
-Working poor, income barely covers basic expenses
-Older adults
-Hospital patients/chronic illnesses
-Latrogenic malnutrition