Diet 204

Front 1

chemical substances in food that are used by the body for growth nd health

Back 1

nutrients

Front 2

substances required for growth and health that cannot be produced or produced in sufficient amount bye hte body/ they must be obtained from the diet

Back 2

essential nutrients

Front 3

nutrients required for growth and health that can be preduced by the body from other components of the diet

Back 3

nonessential nutrients

Front 4

access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe

Back 4

food security

Front 5

limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutritious foods, or the ability to acquire them in socially acceptable ways

Back 5

food insecurity

Front 6

a unit of measure of the amount of energy supplied by food.

Back 6

calorie; also know as kilocalorie , kcal, large calorie

Front 7

scientifically agreed upon standards for daily intakes of nutrients from the diet developed for use on nutrition lables

Back 7

daily values

Front 8

the replacement of thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and iron that were lost when grains are refined

Back 8

enrichment

Front 9

the addition of one or more vitamins/minerals to a food product

Back 9

fortification

Front 10

the "building blocks" of protein. Unlike carbohydrates and fats, ____ contain nitrogen

Back 10

Amino acids

Front 11

components of fat that are a required part of the diet (ie. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic). Both contain unsaturated fatty acids

Back 11

essential fatty acids

Front 12

a group of physiologically active substances derived from the EFA's. They are present in many tissues and perform such functions as the constriction or dilation of blood vessels and stimulation of smooth muscles and the uterus

Back 12

protaglandins

Front 13

fat in which adjacent carbons in the fatty acids components are linked by single bonds only

Back 13

saturated fatty acids

Front 14

fats in which adjacent carbons in one or more fatty acids are linked b y one or more double bonds

Back 14

unsaturated fatty acids

Front 15

fatty acids that have unusual shapes resulting from the hydrogentation of polyunsaturated fatty aicds. ____ also occur naturally in small amounts in foods such as dairy products and beef

Back 15

trans fat

Front 16

a fat soluble, colorless liquid primarily found in animals. is used by the body to form hormones such as testosterone and estrogen and is a component of cell membranes

Back 16

cholesterol

Front 17

chemical substances that prevent or repair damage to cells caused by exposure to oxidizing

Back 17

antioxidants

Front 18

chemical substances in plants, some of which affect body processes in human that may benefit health

Back 18

phytochemical

Front 19

the science of gene-nutrient interactions

Back 19

nutrigenomics

Front 20

malnutrition that result directly from inadequate or excessive dietary intake of energy or nutrients

Back 20

primary malnutrition

Front 21

malnutrition that results from a condition (e.g. disease, surgical procedure, medication use) rather than primarily from dietary intake

Back 21

secondary malnutrition

Front 22

generally taken to mean food, fortified foods, and enhanced food products that may have helath benefits beyond the effects of essential nutrients they contain

Back 22

functional foods

Front 23

strains of lactobacillus and bifidobacteria that have beneficial effects on the body also called friendly bacteria

Back 23

probiotics

Front 24

certain fiberlike forms of indigestible carbohydrates that support the growth of benefical bacteria in the lower intestine ; named intestinal fertilizer

Back 24

prebiotics

Front 25

the science of measuring the human body and its parts

Back 25

anthropometry

Front 26

assessment of dietary or nutrition status at intermittent times with the aim of detecting changes in the dietary or nutritional status of a population

Back 26

nutrition monitoring

Front 27

continuous assessment of nutritional status for the purpose od detecting changes in trend or distribution in order to intiate corrective measures

Back 27

nutrition surveillance

Front 28

actual production of children. The word best applies to specific vital statistic rates, but is commonly taken to mean the ability to bear children

Back 28

fertility

Front 29

commonly used to mean biological inability to bear children

Back 29

infertility

Front 30

reduced level of fertility characterized by unusually long time to conception ( over 12 months) or repeated early pregnancy losses

Back 30

sub fertility

Front 31

generawlly defined as the loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of prengnacy, also called spontaneous abortion

Back 31

miscarriage

Front 32

the developing organism from conception through 8 weeks

Back 32

embryo

Front 33

the developing organism from 8 weeks after conception to the moment of birth

Back 33

fetus

Front 34

an approximately 4 week interval in which hormones direct a buildup of blood and nutrient stores within the wall of the uterus and ovum maturation and release. If the ovum is fertilized by a sperm, the stored blood and nutrients are used to support the growht of the fertilized ovum. if fertilization does not occur, they are released from the uterine wall over a period of 3 to 7 days. The period of blood flow is called the menses or the ______.

Back 34

menstrual cycle

Front 35

a tissue about 12 mm in diameter formed from the follicle that contained the ovum prior to its release. It produces estrogen and progesterone. The "yellow body" derivation comes form the accumulation of lipid precursors of these hormones in the ______

Back 35

corpus luteum ( corpus = body; luteum = yellow)

Front 36

a group of physiologically active substances derived from essential fatty acids. They are present in many tissues and perform such functions as the contriction or dialation of blood vessels, and stimulation of smooth msucles and the uterus

Back 36

prostaglandins

Front 37

a protein secreated by fat cells that by binding to specific receptor sites in the hypothalamus, decreases appetite, increases energy expenditure, and stimulate gonadotropin secretion. ____ levels are elevated by high and reduced by low levels of body fat

Back 37

leptin

Front 38

absence of menstrual cycle

Back 38

amenorrhea

Front 39

spina bifida and other malformaiton of the neural tube, ____ results from incomplete formation of the _______ during the first month after conception

Back 39

Neural tube defects (NTD)

Front 40

around the time of conception, generally defined as the month before and the month after conception

Back 40

periconcceptual period

Front 41

a condition in which cells "resist" the action of insulin in facillitating the passage of glucose into cells

Back 41

insulin resistance

Front 42

a condition in females characterized by insulin resistance, high blood insulin and testosterone levels, obesity, polycystic ovaries, menstrual dysfunction, amenorrhea, infertility, hirsutism (Excess of body hair) and acne

Back 42

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Front 43

a measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised by a specific amount of carbohydrate containing food compared to the same amount of glucose or white bread

Back 43

Glycemic index

Front 44

a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and other disorders. Insulin resistance, adbominal obesity, high blood pressure and triglyceride levels, low levels of HDL cholesterol and imapried glucose tolerance characerize it. Also called Syndrome X and insulin-resistance syndrome

Back 44

Metabolic syndrome

Front 45

a disk shaped organ of nutrient and gas interchange between mother and fetus. At term, the ______ weight about 15% of the weight of the fetus

Back 45

placenta

Front 46

swelling (usually of the legs and feet, but can also extend throughout the body) due to an accumulation of extracellular fuild

Back 46

edema

Front 47

hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone produced primarily from cholesterol

Back 47

steroid hormones

Front 48

increase in an organism's size through cell multiplication (hyperplasia) and enlargement of cell size (hypertrophy)

Back 48

growth

Front 49

progression of the phsycial and mental capabilities of an organism through growth and differentitation of organs and tissues and integration of functions

Back 49

development

Front 50

cellular acquisition of one r more characteristics of functions different from that of the original cells

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differentiation

Front 51

preprogrammed time periods during embryonic and fetal development when specific cells, organs , and tissues are formed and integrated or ffunctional levels established. also called sensitive periods

Back 51

critical periods

Front 52

newborn weight is less than or equal to 10th percentile for gestioanl age. also called small for date (SFD)

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small for gestional age (SGA)

Front 53

newborn weight is less than or equal to the 10th percentile of weight for gestational age; length and head circumference are normal also called asymmetrical SGA

Back 53

dSGA - disproportionately small for gestational age

Front 54

new born weight, length, and head circumference are less than or equal to the 10th percentile for gestational age. Also called symmetrical SGA

Back 54

pSGA - proportionately small for gestational age

Front 55

weight , length, and head circumference are between the 10th and 90th th percentiles for gestational age

Back 55

AGA - appropriate for gestational age

Front 56

weight for gestation age exceeds the 90th percentile for gestational age ; also defined as birth weight greater than 4500 g or greater than or equal to 10 lbs and referred to as excessively sized for gestational age or macrosomic

Back 56

LGA - large for gestational age

Front 57

a condition often marked by low hemoglobin levels. it is characterized by the sign of iron deficiencies plus paleness, exhaustion, and a rapid heart rate

Back 57

iron-deficiency anemia

Front 58

an eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food

Back 58

pica

Front 59

a food borne bacterial infection that can lead to preterm delivery and still birth in pregnant women. _____ is commonly associated with ingesiton of soft cheeses, unpasteurized milk, ready to eat deli meats and hot dogs

Back 59

L. monocytogenes (listeria)

Front 60

a parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development. The source of the infection is often hands contamination with soil or the contents of a cat litter box; or raw or partially cooked meats.

Back 60

T. Gondii (tomoplasmosis)

Front 61

What are the principles of human nutrition? (10)

Back 61

1. food is a basic need of humans
2. foods provide energy(calories), nutrients, and other substances needed for growth and health
3. health problems related to nutrition originate within cells
4. poor nutrition can result from both inadequate and excessive levels of nutrient intake
5. humans have adaptive mechanisms for managing fluctuations in food intake
6. malnutrition can result from poor diets and from disease states, genetic factors, or combinations of these causes
7. some groups of people are at higher risk of becoming inadequately nourished than others
8. poor nutrition can influence the development of certain chronic diseases
9. adequacy, variety, and balance are key characteristics of a healthy diet
10. there are no "good" or "bad" foods

Front 62

What are the 6 categories of nutrients?

Back 62

1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. fats (lipids)
4. vitamins
5. minerals
6. water

Front 63

What are the factors that impact nutrient needs? (9)

Back 63

1. age
2. body size
3. gender
4. genetic traits
5. growht
6. illness
7. lifestyle habits
8. medications
9. pregnancy/lactation

Front 64

What is the AMDR for Carbohydrates?
for added sugars?

Back 64

CHO - 45-65% of calories
added sugars - less than 25% of calories

Front 65

What is the AMDR for fiber/day for females

Back 65

21-35g fiber/day

Front 66

What is the AMDR for fiber/day for males?

Back 66

30-38 g fiber/day

Front 67

The AMDR for protein is ________

Back 67

10-35% of calories

Front 68

glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached

Back 68

triglycerides

Front 69

Linoleic acid is known as ____

Back 69

omega 6

Front 70

alpha-linolenic acid is known as ____

Back 70

omega 3

Front 71

saturated fatty acids have _____ bonds

Back 71

no double bonds

Front 72

monounsaturated have ____ bonds

Back 72

one double bond

Front 73

polyunsaturated have ___ bonds

Back 73

2 or more double bonds

Front 74

____ adds hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids; it changes the structure of fatty acids from cis to trans

Back 74

hydrogenation

Front 75

a fat soluble clear liquid found in animal products; a precursor of estrogen, testosterone, and vitamin D (meaning it converts them to their active form) ; only found in animal products

Back 75

cholesterol ; the body makes about 1/3 cholesterol

Front 76

What are the "unhealthful" fats?

Back 76

the fats that raise LDL - cholesterol ; trans, saturated fats and cholesterol

Front 77

What are the "healthful" fats?

Back 77

those that raise the HDL-cholesterol; monounsaturated , polyunsaturated, linolenic (omega 3), EPA and DHA

Front 78

What is the AMDR of Fats?

Back 78

20-35% of calories from fat, limiting the unhealthful fats as much as possible ; less than 10% of saturated and less than 1% or non of trans fat

Front 79

What is the recomended intake for Linoleic acid?

Back 79

17 g/day for men
12g/day for women

Front 80

What is the recomended intake for alpha linolenic acid?

Back 80

1.6 g/day for men
1.1g/day for women

Front 81

What are the water-soluble vitamins? (10)

Back 81

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, choline, B6, B12, folate, biotin, and viamin C

Front 82

What are the Fat Soluble vitamins?(4)

Back 82

Vitamin A (retinol, beta-carotene)
Vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Vitamin E ( alpha-tocoperol)
Vitamin K

Front 83

What are the 15 essential minerals?

Back 83

1. calcium
2. phosphorus
3. magnesium
4. iron
5. zinc
6. fluoride
7. iodine
8. selenium
9. copper
10. manganese
11. chromium
12. molybdenum
13. sodium
14. potassium
15. chloride

Front 84

Adults are ____ % water. What is the recommended daily intake for men and women?

Back 84

60-70% water ; men - 12-16 cups ; women - 11 cups ; 75% from fluids and 25% from foods

Front 85

Sources of probiotics?

Back 85

yogurt with live cultures, buttermilk, kefir, cottage cheese,

Front 86

sources of prebiotics?

Back 86

chicory, wheat, barley, rye, onions, garlic, leeks

Front 87

clinical/physical assessment, dietary assessment, anthropometric assessment, and biochemical assessment data

Back 87

the tools used for Nutrition assessment of an individual

Front 88

inspection for features that may be related to malnutrition

Back 88

clinical/physical assessment

Front 89

24 hour dietary recalls and records, dietary history, food frequency questionnaires , resources: instruments and computer software

Back 89

dietary assessment

Front 90

measurements of body size and shape

Back 90

anthropometric assessment

Front 91

nutrient and enzyme levels, DNA characteristics, and other biological markers

Back 91

Biochemical assessment

Front 92

aproximately _____ of couples are infertile

Back 92

15.1 %

Front 93

____ % of couples diagnosed as "infertile" will conceive within 3 years withou use of technology

Back 93

40%

Front 94

healthy couples have a ________ chance of conception within a given menstrual cycle

Back 94

23-30% chance

Front 95

What are the causes of miscrriages?

Back 95

defect in fetus, maternal infection, structural abnormailites of uterus, endocrine or immunological disturbances

Front 96

about ___% of couples are subfertile

Back 96

18%

Front 97

eggs females produces and store within the ovaries

Back 97

ova

Front 98

~4 week interval in which hormones direct buildup of blood and nutrient stores within uterus; ovum matures and is released

Back 98

menstrual cycle

Front 99

women are born with life-time supply of ~ ______ immature ova

Back 99

7 million

Front 100

______ ova will mature and be released during fertile years

Back 100

~400-500

Front 101

______ are more likely to have disorders related to chromosomal defects than younger women

Back 101

women >35 years

Front 102

Sperm production begins during puberty, decreases somewhat after age _____ with production continuing to old age

Back 102

35 years

Front 103

stimulates pituitary to relase FSH and LH

Back 103

gonadotropin - releasing hormone (GnRH)

Front 104

stimulates maturation of ovum and sperm

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Front 105

stimulates secretion of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Front 106

stimulates release of GnRH in follicular phase and follicle growth and maturation of follicle; stimulates vascularity and storage of glycogen and other nutrients within uterus

Back 106

estrogen

Front 107

prepares uterus for fertilzied ovum, increases vascularity of endometrium and stimulates cell division of fertilized ova

Back 107

progesterone

Front 108

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

Back 108

1. follicular phase
2. luteal phase

Front 109

follicle growth and maturation; main hormones : GnRH , FSH, estrogen and progesterone

Back 109

follicular phase

Front 110

after ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, decrease in estrogen and progesterone stimulate menstrual flow ; prostaglandins and cramps

Back 110

luteal phase

Front 111

What are sources of disruptions in fertility? (6)

Back 111

adverse nutritional exposure, contraceptive use, severe stress, infection, tubal damage or other structural damage, chromosomal damage

Front 112

What are the Nutrition related disruptions in fertility? (5)

Back 112

under nutrition, weight loss, obesity, high exercise levels, intake of specific foods and food components

Front 113

______ is seen with low or high body fat due to alterations in hormones

Back 113

decreased fertility

Front 114

________ levels increased with high body fat and reduced with low body fat ; both extremes lower fertility

Back 114

Estrogen and Leptin

Front 115

Infertility lowers with a BMI of _____________

Back 115

< 20 or > 30 .

Front 116

Weight loss of _______ of usual weight decreases estrogen; results in amenorrhea, anovulatory cycles and short or absent luteal phases; treatment with fertility drug Clomid not effective in underweight women.

Back 116

> 10-15%

Front 117

Sperm viability and motility decrease with wt __________ and cease at wt loss _________

Back 117

10 to 15% < normal, and > 25% normal wt.

Front 118

_______ are linked to reduced estrogen and irregular periods

Back 118

low-fat and high fiber diets

Front 119

______ decrease levels of gonadotropins, estrogen, and progesterone

Back 119

Isoflavones (from soy)

Front 120

diets with ______ of the kcal coming from fat can lead to infertility

Back 120

<20%

Front 121

high intake of _______ is linked to amennorhea and menstrual dysfunction

Back 121

beta carotene

Front 122

What are the adverse effects of intense physical activity ?

Back 122

delayed age at puberty, lack menstrual cycles, appear to be related to hormonal and metabolic changes, related to caloric deficits, reduced levels of estrogen, low levels of body fat, decreased bone density

Front 123

Oxidative stress in men decreases _________, and reduces ability of sperm to __________.

Back 123

sperm motility, fuse with egg

Front 124

Oxidative stress in women harm __________________, interfere with __________, and interefere with implantation of _____

Back 124

egg and follicular development , corpus luteum function, the egg

Front 125

the Rate of infertility lowers in women who use iron supplements or iron from plant foods ; pre-pregnancy iron deficiency is linked to ___________&___________ ; ~1/2 of US women enter pregnancy with inadequate iron stores

Back 125

preterm delivery and low iron status of infant

Front 126

What is the intake requirement of iron for a pregnant woman or an woman trying to conceive?

Back 126

~18 mg/day and regular consumption of vitamin C rich fruits and veggies along with plant sources of iron, iron fortified cereals and lean meats

Front 127

What are some preconceptual nutrition concerns?

Back 127

early pregnancy exposure to teratogens, poor folate status prior to conception

Front 128

What are the preconceptional benefits of the WIC program?

Back 128

women are eligible when pregnant. they are provided WIC food supplements, and nutrition education during and between consecutive pregnancies. These women who received the benefits and continued through the first two months of the next pregnancy had better iron status and delievered new borns with higher birth weights and greater lengths than did women who received WIC benefits during pregnancy only.

Front 129

What are the nutrition related objectives in relation to pregnant women and infants?(4)

Back 129

1. reduce anemia in pregnant females
2. reduce incidence of spina bifida
3. increase abstinence from alcohol use and reduce the icidence of fetal alcohol syndrome
4. increase appropriate weight gain during pregnancy

Front 130

assessed from date to conception; average pregnancy is 38 weeks

Back 130

gestational age

Front 131

assessed from onset of last menstrual period ; average pregnancy is 40 weeks

Back 131

menstrual age

Front 132

what are the two phases of change during pregnancy?

Back 132

1. maternal anabolic changes
2. maternal catabolic changes

Front 133

takes place in the 1st half of pregnancy; building up of mother's blood and nutrients

Back 133

maternal anabolic changes

Front 134

takes place in the 2nd half of pregnancy, 90% of fetal growth occurs; energy, nutrients delivered to fetus

Back 134

maternal catabolic changes

Front 135

What are the body water changes that occur during pregnancy?

Back 135

it increases from ~7 to 10 L - results from increased blood and body tissues and extracellular volume and amniotic fluid. ;

edema - swelling due to accumulation of extracellular fluid

Front 136

_____ is preffered fuel for the fetus; "diabetogenic effect of pregnancy" results from maternal insulin resistance

Back 136

Glucose

Front 137

CHO metaboism in _______: high estrogen & progesterone stimulate insulin which increases glucose --> (stored as) glycogen and fat

Back 137

early pregnancy

Front 138

CHO metabolism in ________: human chorionic somatotropin (hCS) & prolactin inhibit conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat.

Back 138

late pregnancy; hCS and prolactin keep glucose readily available for the fetus to consume

Front 139

about ____ of protein accumulate during pregnancy

Back 139

~925 g of protein

Front 140

protin and amino acids conserved during pregnancy, the needs must be met by ____________

Back 140

the mother's intake of protein

Front 141

The fat stores are accumulated during ________, ___________. Blood lipid levels increase during pregnancy, increased cholesterol is a substrate for steroid hormone synthesis

Back 141

accumulate in the first half of pregnancy, and enhanced fat mobilization in last half

Front 142

______ is linked to increased bone turnover and reformation

Back 142

calcium

Front 143

accumulation in mother, placenta and fetus

Back 143

sodium; restriiton of sodium potentially harmful

Front 144

What are the functions of the placenta?

Back 144

hormones & enzyme production , nutrient and gas exchange, remove waste from fetus

Front 145

What is structure of the placenta?

Back 145

double lining of cells separating maternal and fetal blood

Front 146

What are the factors that affect the nutrient transfer between the placenta?

Back 146

size and charge of molecules, small molecules pass through most easily, lipid solubility of particle, concentration of nutrients in maternal and fetal blood

Front 147

The nutrients are first used for the maternal stores, then the placenta, lastly for fetal needs

Back 147

nutrient transfer ; true

Front 148

_________ is at the highest level during the 9 months of gestation

Back 148

growth and development

Front 149

What are the four periods of growth and development during pregnancy?

Back 149

1. hyperplasia
2. hyperplasia and hypertrophy
3. hypertrophy
4. maturation

Front 150

variations in fetal growth are linked to : energy, nutrient, and oxygen availability; genetically programmed growth and development. ________ is main fetal growth stimulator

Back 150

insulin-like growth factor ; inadequate nutrition decreases levels of IGF-1

Front 151

calculated by wt in grams divided by cube of ht times 100; for normal weight ~23-25

Back 151

similar to BMI; Ponderal Index = PI

Front 152

thought to be caused by genetic, uterine, or hormonal abnormailities , underweight = higher risk, high cholesterol/triglycerdies = high risk, supplement MV (early preg) = decreased risk

Back 152

miscarriages

Front 153

infants born ____ are at risk for death , neurological problems, congenitial malformations and chronic health problems

Back 153

preterm delivery

Front 154

____ weight should be gained in the first trimester

Back 154

~2-5 lbs

Front 155

the fetus is about ___ of the total weight gain

Back 155

1/3

Front 156

The balance of the weight gain is related to __________.

Back 156

body fat changes, amniotic fluid, increase of extracellular fluids, and blood supply of the mother

Front 157

~15 lbs are lost during delivery, wt loss is difficult in women who gained > 45 lbs or with low activity levels , women with recommended wt gain in pregnancy are ~2 lbs heavier at 1 year post partum ; lactating women lose slightly more

Back 157

true ; post partum weight retention

Front 158

What is the protein suggested requirement during pregnancy?

Back 158

+25 g or 71 g /day

Front 159

pregnant women consume _____ total calories from fat; fat consumed in food used as an energy source for fetal growth and development ; fat serves as a source of fat soulble vitamins ; it also provides essential fatty acids

Back 159

33%

Front 160

Adequate EPA and DHA during pregnancy and lactation are linked to _________________.

Back 160

higher intelligence, better vision and more mature CNS

Front 161

Dietary intake for EPA and DHA do not exceed ______

Back 161

3 g /day

Front 162

the need for water during pregnancy , met by increased levels of thirst; ~ _____

Back 162

9 cups fluid per day

Front 163

known to be associated with anemia and reduced fetal growth, the requirement of this increases for extensie organ and tissue growth; its function is metabolic reactions, and deficicies lead to adnormal cell division and tissue formation

Back 163

folate and pregnancy

Front 164

What are the 3 main types of NTD?

Back 164

spina bifida, anencephaly, encephalocele

Front 165

What is the recommended intake of folate?

Back 165

600 mcg DFE

Front 166

needed for cell differentitation ; in the US the big concern is toxicity

Back 166

Vitamin A

Front 167

supports fetal growth, supports immune system

Back 167

Vitamin D

Front 168

teeth begin to develop, not recommended to supplement

Back 168

fluoride

Front 169

needed for fetal skeletal mineralization and maintain maternal bones, low intakes are related to increased release of lead which is harmful to the fetus; needs can be met with 3 cups of milk a day

Back 169

calcium

Front 170

additional needs for pregnancy (iron):
_____ for fetus and placenta
_____ lost at delivery
_____ for increased RBC

Back 170

300 mg, 250 mg, 450 mg

Front 171

early pregnancy risk of preterm delivery; late pregnnacy lower scores on intellegence , language, gross motor and attention tests.

Back 171

iron deficency aniemia in pregnancy

Front 172

Iron is absobred better from supplements containing iron only than when mixed with other minerals ; amount absorbed depends ont he need and the amount of iron in the supplement; side effects of this are nausea . cramps, gas and constipation

Back 172

true; pros and cons of iron supplementation

Front 173

What is the recommendation for iron supplementation during pregnancy?

Back 173

30 mg daily after the 12th week of pregnancy; the Upper limit is set at 45 mg per day

Front 174

required for thyroid function and energy production and for fetal brain development

Back 174

iodine

Front 175

restriction not indivated in normal pregnancy or for control of edema or high blood pressure ; plays a critical role in maintaing body's water balance

Back 175

sodium

Front 176

eating disorder of eating non food substances

Back 176

pica

Front 177

What is the exercise recommendation for pregnant women?

Back 177

3-5 times each week for 30 minutes at 60-70% VO2 max

Front 178

high levels in large, long-lived predatory fish , lower content in bottom feeders, avoid shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tile fish

Back 178

mercury contamination

Front 179

how do you handle management of nausea and vommiting?

Back 179

separate liquid and food intake, avoid odors and foods that trigger it; treat with vitamin B6, multivitamins, and ginger

Front 180

How to manage heartburn?

Back 180

ingest small meals frequently , do not go to bed with full stomach, avoid foods that make heartburn work (acid foods)

Front 181

What is LBW

Back 181

2500g or 5 lbs 8 oz

Front 182

What is VLBW

Back 182

1500 g or 3 lbs 4 oz

Front 183

What is desirable weight of infant

Back 183

7 lb 12 oz to 10 lbs

Front 184

If Mother has BMI under 18.5, she should gain___?

Back 184

28-40 lbs

Front 185

If Mother has BMI 18.5-24.9, she should gain___?

Back 185

25-35 lbs

Front 186

If Mother has BMI 25-29.9, she should gain___?

Back 186

15-25 lbs

Front 187

If Mother has BMI over 30, she should gain___?

Back 187

11-20 lbs

Front 188

if mother is having twins , she should gain?

Back 188

25-54 lbs

Front 189

Ingest ___calories more a day during 2nd trimester

Back 189

340

Front 190

ingest__ calories more a day during 3rd trimester

Back 190

452

Front 191

Choline responsible for

Back 191

fetal brain growth, intellectual development