Diencephalon

Front 1

What are the four subdivisions of the diencephalon?

Back 1

ventral thalamus, epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, hypothalamus

Front 2

Which part of the diencephalon is the largest?

Back 2

the dorsal thalamus

Front 3

neurons in the dorsal thalamus projections and inputs

Back 3

sensory axons project to all areas of the cortex; some neurons receive inputs from subcortical or cortical areas and further project to cortex

Front 4

What is the hypothalamus connected to?

Back 4

the forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord

Front 5

role of hypothalamus

Back 5

controls autonomic function

Front 6

what type of nuclei does the ventral thalamus have and what is it's function

Back 6

subthalamic nuclei

motor circuitry

Front 7

epithalamus is part of what system

Back 7

limbic system

Front 8

what divides the thalamus and hypothalamus

Back 8

the hypothalamic sulcus

Front 9

What part of the diencephalon is the epithalamus?

Back 9

the dorsal part

Front 10

What structures are considered part of the epithalamus?

Back 10

pineal gland, habenula, stria medullarus thalami (fiber tract)

Front 11

What developmental structure becomes the pineal gland and what is the function of the pineal gland?

Back 11

epiphysis

receives info about visual stimuli and rhythmically produces melatonin

Front 12

What type of nuclei does the habenula have, what system is it thought to be a part of, and what is it thought to be important for?

Back 12

medial and lateral nuclei

part of limbic system

memory, emotion, reward pathway

Front 13

What's another name for the posterior pituitary and what does it form from?

Back 13

Neurohypophysis and it forms from the infundibulum

Front 14

What's another name for the anterior pituitary and what does it form from?

Back 14

Adenohypophysis and it forms from the Rathke pouch

Front 15

external medullary lamina

Back 15

myelinated axons that surround medulla laterally

Front 16

internal medullary lamina

Back 16

myelinated axons that separates groups of nuclei

Front 17

Dorsal thalamic nuclei

Back 17

dorsomedial, lateral dorsal, lateral posterior

Front 18

What's the most caudal nucleus in the thalamus and what is its function?

Back 18

pulvinar; visual

Front 19

Two nuclei and their functions that are small nuclei caudal and inferior to pulvinar and their functions?

Back 19

medial geniculate nucleus: relay for audition

lateral geniculate nucleus: relay for vision

Front 20

Centromedian and parafascicular nuclei location and function

Back 20

rostral to pulvinar; small nuclei responsible for pain perception and modulation

Front 21

what is the white matter called that is responsible for communication between the thalamus and cortex

Back 21

internal capsule

Front 22

Three type of nuclei in the thalamus

Back 22

association nuclei

relay nuclei

nonspecific nuclei

Front 23

what are the association nuclei

Back 23

anterior, dorsomedial, lateral dorsal, pulvinar, lateral posterior

Front 24

Anterior thalamic nuclei inputs and outputs

Back 24

input:

-mammilary nuclei via the mammilothalamic tract

-medial temporal lobe (hippocampus) via the fornix

output: cingulate gyrus

Front 25

Dorsomedial nucleus inputs and outputs

Back 25

Input: frontal and temporal lobes, amygdala, substantia nigra

Output: PFC

Front 26

Lateral dorsal nucleus inputs and outputs

Back 26

input: mammilary nuclei

output: cingulate gyrus

Front 27

Pulvinar reciprocal connections

Back 27

superior colliculus, visual association cortex

Front 28

Lateral posterior nucleus reciprocal connections

Back 28

superior colliculus, parietal cortex

Front 29

What are the relay nuclei?

Back 29

ventral posterolateral and ventral posteromedial

lateral geniculate

medial geniculate

ventral anterior

ventral lateral

Front 30

purpose of VPL and VPM

Back 30

somatosensory relay

Front 31

purpose of LGN

Back 31

visual relay

Front 32

purpose of MGN

Back 32

auditory relay

Front 33

VA

Back 33

motor relay

Front 34

VL

Back 34

motor relay

Front 35

inputs and outputs of VPL and VPM

Back 35

VPL: inputs from medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts (body)

VPM: trigeminothalamic tract (face)

Output: somatosensory cortex, insular cortex

Front 36

LGN inputs and outputs

Back 36

Inputs: retinal ganglia cells; superior colliculus

Output: primary visual cortex

Front 37

MGN inputs and outputs

Back 37

Inferior colliculus, auditory brainstem

Output: auditory cortex

Front 38

VA reciprocal connections

Back 38

premotor and supplementary motor cortex

Front 39

VL reciprocal connections

Back 39

premotor and primary motor cortex

Front 40

What are the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus?

Back 40

intralaminar nuclei: centromedian and parafascicular

midline nuclei

thalamic reticular nuclei

Front 41

Inputs/outputs of centromedian

Back 41

input: globus pallidus

output: caudate putamen

Front 42

parafascicular inputs/outputs

Back 42

input: anterolateral system

output: diffuse projections

Front 43

midline nuclei inputs/outputs

Back 43

inputs: poorly defined

outputs: amygdala and anterior cingulate

Front 44

thalamic reticular nuclei inputs/outputs

Back 44

*wraps laterally around thalamus

inputs: cortex and other thalamic nuclei

outputs: thalamic nuclei

Front 45

Three generalizations about thalamic nuclei

Back 45

1. all nuclei project to cortex with reciprocal connections

2. all of the projections are ipsalateral

3. no projections b/w nuclei other than TRN

Front 46

General: thalamic inputs include:

Back 46

retinogeniculate, corticothalamic, brainstem input, thalamic reticular nuclei, interneurons

Front 47

Neurotransmission of retinogeniculate projections

Back 47

glutamatergic

Front 48

Neurotransmission of corticothalamic projections

Back 48

glutamatergic

Front 49

From what layer of the visual cortex are the corticothalamic projections?

Back 49

layer IV or V

Front 50

Are there more axons from the retina or cortex to the thalamus and how many more?

Back 50

10x more projections between cortex and thalamus than from retina

Front 51

Each CT axon innervates one or multiple thalamic nuclei

Back 51

multiple

Front 52

Brainstem projections and type of neurotransmission

Back 52

pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmentum (cholinergic)

locus coeruleus: noradrenergic

dorsal raphe: serotonergic

Front 53

Neurotransmission of TRN afferents

Back 53

GABAergic

Front 54

Neurotransmission of interneurons in thalamus

Back 54

GABAergic

Front 55

Which neuron group of thalamus is species dependent?

Back 55

interneurons of thalamus

Front 56

Hypothalamus general input/function

Back 56

Receives sensory info about external environment and then regulates motor function at autonomic level

Front 57

What are the 3 divisions of the hypothalamus?

Back 57

Lateral hypothalamic, medial hypothalamic, and periventricular

Front 58

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei and function

Back 58

no discrete nuclei

important for cardiovascular function and food/water intake

Front 59

Medial hypothalamic nuclei and function

Back 59

nine main nuclei

regulate hormone release from pituitary, cardiovascular function, circadian rhythm, body temperature, food intake

Front 60

Afferents to hypothalamus

Back 60

Fornix from hippocampus and stria terminalis from amygdala

Front 61

Efferents to hypothalamus

Back 61

medial forebrain bundle and dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

Front 62

Main function of subthalamus (ventral thalamus)

Back 62

motor function

Front 63

Inputs of subthalamus

Back 63

motor cortex

Front 64

Outputs of subthalamus

Back 64

substantia nigra and globus pallidus