Diencephalon

Front 1

What makes up the Epithalamus?

Back 1

1) Habenular Nuclei
2) Stria medullaris
3) Pineal Gland

Front 2

What is the function of habenular nucleus?

Back 2

1) connects hypothalamus and brainstem
2) influence emotions

Front 3

What is the function of Stria Medullaris?

Back 3

Connect pleasure center (septal nuclei) with habenula

Front 4

What are melatonin function and properties?

Back 4

1) Made by pineal gland
2) Anti-gonadal factor: inhibits gonad development
3) Low melatonin=early puberty
4) involved with mating season (awareness of day/light cycles)

Front 5

Function of posterior hypothalamus area?

Back 5

1) Merges with periaqueductal gray
2) responsible for cold reflex (shivering)

Front 6

Function of Dorsomedial nucleus?

Back 6

Plays a role in aggressive

Front 7

Function of ventral medial nucleus

Back 7

1) Satiety center, suppresses appetite
2) lesion=increased appetite

Front 8

Function of Lateral Hypothalamus area?

Back 8

1) feeding center
2) lesion=decreased appetite

Front 9

Function of Mammillary body?

Back 9

Involved in short term memory

Front 10

What is Korsakoff's Syndrome?

Back 10

Damage to mammillary body due to lack of thiamine (vit. B1) in diet, absorption from GI or storage in liver. Caused by chronic alcoholism.

Front 11

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Back 11

Korsakoff's syndrome with memory loss, gaze palsies, and ataxia.

Front 12

Function of Paraventricular nucleus (PV) and Supraoptic Nucleus (SO)?

Back 12

1) PV: oxytocin (most), ADH (some)
2) SO: ADH (most), oxytocin (some)
3) Secretion to cap. beds in post. pituitary gland
4) some neurons project to ventral medial and lateral hypothalamus to regulate feeding

Front 13

Function of arcuate nucleus?

Back 13

1) secrete releasing hormones
2) plays role in appetite
3) Binds PYY (released by intestinal cells in response to food)
4) neurons project to PV, which project to lateral hypothalamus and ventral medial to regulate feeding
5) secretes GnRH, TRH

Front 14

Function of preoptic area?

Back 14

secretes Gonadal Releasing Hormone (GnRH) AKA Luteinizing releasing hormone (LHRH)

Front 15

Function of Anterior Nucleus?

Back 15

Regulates:
1) body temperature (sweating)
2) libido
3) maternal instincts

Front 16

Function of area of Lamina Terminalis?

Back 16

1) no normal BBB
2) neurons are sensitive to osmolarity (release ADH)

Front 17

Function of Suprachiasmic Nucleus?

Back 17

Receives input from retina for circadian rhythms for time of hormone release relative to light/dark cycles

Front 18

What is the vascular supply for diencephalon?

Back 18

1) Medial/Lateral Posterior Choroidal: off PCA, supply lat/med thalamus
2) Thalamogeniculate: off PCA, supply post. thalamus
3) Anterior Choroidal: off MCA or Internal carotid, supply geniculate area
4) Thalamoperforating: off PCA, main supply to ant. thalamus
5) Thalamotuberal: off post. comm. art., supply ant. thalamus
6) Lenticulostriate: off MCA, supply lentiform nucleus

Front 19

What are the nuclei of the thalamus and their functions?

Back 19

1) Renticular - filters input into thalamus
2) Anterior - project to cingulate, hypothalamus
3) Ventral Anterior - input from globus pallidus via thalamic fas. (merging of ansa lenticularis and lentiform fas.), projects to premotor cx. FXN: modify muscle tone, lesion=lack smooth muscle movement
4) Lateral Dorsal: to cingulate gy, from hippocampus, consciousness and alertness
5) Ventral Lateral: same as vent. anterior
6) Dorsal Medial: only found in humans or high primates, projects to ant. cingulate (mood, behavior, proj. to future0
7) Lateral Posterior: xtalk btwn parietal cx. alertness and consciousness
8) Ventral Posterior: Medial portion-ML/ALS input from trigeminal (face)
Lateral Portion-ML/ALS input from spine
9) Pulvinar: input: sup. colliculus (vision) out: visual association area (eye movement)
10) Intralaminar: collection of nuclei, major: centromedian, parafascicular. involved with pain processing, diffuse projections

Front 20

What is a lobotomy?

Back 20

1) Cutting of connections between anterior nucleus and prefrontal cortex
2) founded by Egaz Moniz
3) alterations will change personality
4) done on pysch/uncontrollable pt.