Diaz - Hallucinogens

Front 1

What are the three types of hallucinogens?

Back 1

1) structurally similar to serotonin -
2) structurally similar to norepinephrine
3) miscellaneous

Front 2

Name the hallucinogens that are structurally similar to serotonin:

Back 2

-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
-psilocin (from psilocybin)
-di-methyl-tryptamine (DMT) (in
Ayahuasca)
-bufotenin (5-hydroxy-DMT)
-lysergic acid amide

Front 3

What is the structural difference between serotonin and psilocin?

Back 3

two additional methyl groups are present on the amine in psilocin

Front 4

What is the precursor to psilocin?

Back 4

psilocybin, which is converted to psilocin when it hits the GI tract

Front 5

Some hallucinogens are structurally similar to norepinephrine. Name these drugs, and provide their label.

Name a drug that is similar to norepinephrine but not in the category of the label provided above.

Back 5

Label: Designer Drugs

DOM, MDMA (ecstasy), MDA
_________________________

mescaline

Front 6

What is the issue with Nutmeg. What "narcotic" substance does it contain?

Back 6

Issue: Its a hallucinogen. because it contains myristin, it can be used as a hallucinogen. In practice, this will not work so well as a method of acheiving an altered conciousness.

Front 7

What drugs are included in the miscellaneous (not like serotonin and not like norepinephrine) category of hallucinogens?

Back 7

-Ibotenic acid
-Phencyclidine (PCP, "angel dust")
-Ketamine
-Salvia
-Amanita muscaria

Front 8

About how many different species of psychoactive-hallucinogenic plants are known in America?

Back 8

80 to 100 different species

Front 9

What is a source of LSD?

Back 9

LSD can be synthesized from a fungus that grows on grains

Front 10

What is a source of psilocin?

Back 10

the psilocybe mushrooms

Front 11

What is the source for mescaline?

Back 11

Cactus Peyote

Front 12

Salvia is a ___ and a member of the ____ family

Back 12

sage; mint

Front 13

The earliest snuffing artifacts, recovered in Peru, have been dated to around what time period?

Back 13

1600 B.C.

Front 14

There were two forms of ergot poisoning. Name them:

Back 14

Gangrenous

and

convulsive

Front 15

When did the synthesis of LSD take place?

Back 15

1938

Front 16

Of all the hallucinogens, which two are not able to be absorbed from the GI tract?

Back 16

DMT and bufotenin

Front 17

Which routes must be used absorb bufotenin and DMT?

Back 17

parenteral - typically intranasal or an injection route. as demonstrated by the still from that one documentary video - slide 30

Front 18

Ayahuasca, which contains DMT but is taken orally, has to be prepared by combining with plants containing natural _____ ingredients

Back 18

MAOI

Front 19

What is the name of the Department of Justice act, that DMT proponents are petitioning for?

Back 19

Religious Freedom Restoration Act

Front 20

A biomedical study has shown that Ayahuasca could have potential therapeutic effects. Name some of these:

Back 20

treatment of alcoholism,
substance abuse, and possibly other disorders

Front 21

Hallucinogens suck at crossing the BBB and don't really distribute very well to other organs. About how much of an ingested dose of LSD actually makes into the brain and what is the dosage scale of LSD?

Back 21

1%

-micrograms (ug). NOT milligrams (mg)

Front 22

what is the most potent drug on earth?

Back 22

LSD

Front 23

What is the half life of LSD?

Back 23

110 mins

Front 24

what is the half life of mescaline?

Back 24

90 minutes

Front 25

what is the halflife of PCP

Back 25

24 hours

Front 26

What is the duration of effects of the following:

1. LSD -
2. mescaline -
3. psilocin -
4. DMT -
5. DOM -
6. MDA -

Back 26

1. 12 hours
2. 6 hours
3. 2 to 4 hours
4. 40 to 60 minutes
5. 6 to 8 hours
6. 8 to 12 hours

Front 27

what receptors do LSD and psilocin seem to act on?

Back 27

5HT2, 5HT1A, and 5HT1C (which are localized in the cerebral cortex).

-Agonist for 5HT1A, 5HT1C
-antagonist for 5HT2

Front 28

chronic LSD usage leads to a downregulation of what receptor?

Back 28

5HT2

Front 29

How do LSD and psilocin affect gluatmate release sensory responsivity of the locus coeruleus?

Back 29

enhance glutamate release directly from the terminals thalamocortical inputs to layer V pyramidal cells by 5-HT2A-receptor stimulation

and

enhance the sensory responsivity of Locus Coeruleus neurons and therebycontribute, via extensive cortical projections, to the characteristic intensification of perceptual experience produced by these drugs

Front 30

What are some behavioral consequences, especially as explained by Hoffman?

Back 30

-not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition
-extremely stimulated imagination
-stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors

Front 31

What is the maximum dose of LSD that is not "over the top"

Back 31

.25 microgram

Front 32

How are hallucinations induced by LSD best characterized? (3 words)

Back 32

distortions of reality

Front 33

Behavioral Consequences of LSD.

Convert the following into nerd terms to feel great about yourself:

-hearing a color =

Back 33

cross modal experiences

Front 34

Behavioral Consequences of Mescaline and Psilocin
-hallucination with these drugs is best characterized as

Back 34

an intensification of nature ... colors appear exceptionally brilliant

Front 35

Explain the griffith study,
-groups
-results

Back 35

control: methylphenidate
experimental: psilocybin
-Results:
--2 months post sessions: psilocybin produced significantly greater elevations in positive attitudes, mood, social effects, and behavior

Front 36

What are the behavioral consequences of PCP?
-low intox:
-higher doses:

Back 36

-low: acute confusional state and analgesia (without muscle relaxation)
-high: comatose, cardiac complications

Front 37

what are some non-behavioral effects (physical) effects of LSD?

**these are also similar to the effects seen with mescaline and psilocin

Back 37

sweating, increased body temp, dialated pupils, increased heart rate, dry mouth

Front 38

what are the non-behavioral effects of bufotenin?

Back 38

headache; vomiting, excitation, tremors leading to convulsions, followed by a stupor and sleep

Front 39

What is the risk of dependency for hallucinogens?

Back 39

little risk, but these drugs can be used often. people can on and off with weeeeks in between and don't experience withdrawals or cravings. unlike tobacco for example.

Front 40

what issue in the literature suggests that we have endogenous hallucinogens?

Back 40

DMT can be detects in the urine of schizophrenic patients

Front 41

What are flashbacks?

Back 41

hallucinations experienced a long time after a dose of LSD. Hypothesized that LSD flashback may be similar to PTSD in which an intense situation is re-experienced years later in great detail. because LSD experience can be intensely emotional, this may explain the flashback.

Front 42

what is the type of anesthesia produced by phenylcylidine (PCP AKA angel dust)

Back 42

dissociative anesthesia

Front 43

how is PCP administered?

Back 43

parenterally - IV or IM (smoked)

Front 44

When PCP is used for surgical purposes, what is the post operative behavioral state of the patient?

Back 44

confused, disoriented, euphoric, disoriented, euphoric, and exhibiting behavior like an ethanol induced intox

Front 45

what are the most common PCP behavioral effects?

Back 45

They found that themost common symptoms of phencyclidine intoxication were staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, glassy stare, and nystagmus (a rapid flicking of the eyes from one side to the other)

and depersonalization, religious thoughts, focus on object and see intense beauty in it.

Front 46

Does PCP cause aggression or criminal behavior?

Back 46

NO IT DOESNT! Very strange..

Front 47

Special K, or Ketamine, first synthesized in 1962 as an attempt to create a safer version of PCP, has a useful property. Name it:

Back 47

its an anesthetic! analgesia induction

Front 48

how long do the primary effects of ketamine last:
-if injected?
-if snorted?

Back 48

-inject: 30 to 45 mins

-snort: 45-60 mins

Front 49

At ______ (higher or lower doses) ketamine produces a hallucinogenic effect.

Back 49

higher

Front 50

In human medicine, Ketamine has
two distinct and legitimate uses:

Back 50

1) In pediatric anesthesia; and
2) Anesthesia during labor
(especially sudden unexpected
labor)

Front 51

Ketamine is _______ (very or not very) safe, especially as an anaesthetic if you are inexperienced.

Back 51

VERY

Front 52

1. Designer drugs are analogs of what monoamine (DA, 5HT, or NE)?

2. What are the two most notorious designer drugs?

Back 52

1. norepinephrine.



2. MDA, MDMA

Front 53

The designer drugs are entactogens. What does that word mean?

Back 53

Substances that produce empathy and sympathy and allow the user to "touch gently within"

Front 54

One the two most notorious designer drugs acts on neurons just as amphetamines do and one doesn't. Distinguish the two:

Back 54

MDA - just like amphetamines, blocks NE

MDMA - not like amphet's - promotes 5HT release enough to cause depletion.

Front 55

how does MDMA affect the CNS?

2 ways

Back 55

1. promotes serotonin release and can cause depletion. may be a bi-phasic action (5HT and then DA). but the decreased DA release effect seems to be an indirect consequence of the MDMA's direct effect on 5HT

2. enhances oxytocin release from the hypothalamus

Front 56

MDMA was used in what kind of therapy with great success and without any fatalities?

Back 56

couples counseling for 15 years

Front 57

A double blind placebo-controlled study found what effects of a recreational dose of MDMA (1.7 mg/kg) in naive users?

Back 57

effective state of enhanced mood, well being, and increased emotional sensitiveness, little anxiety, but no hallucinations or pain reactions

Front 58

what was a somatic (physical) issue during the double blind placebo-controlled study on MDMA?

Back 58

jaw clenching / lack of appetite/ restless legs/ impaired gait /

Front 59

of the two designer drugs, which one is most toxic and poses threat of death?

Back 59

MDA


not MDMA...

Front 60

what are some toxic effects of MDA?

Back 60

increased BP, heart rate, body temp.

convulsions, leading to death

Front 61

What are some DEA claims in regards to the toxic effects of MDMA?

Back 61

-caused severe depression and mental disorders
-high risk of lethality
-

Front 62

the DEA claims that MDMA has a high risk of lethality. What do the data indicate?

Back 62

-MDMA as a cause is highly unlikely. more likely cause is the contamination of MDMA, which contain para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) or DXM

Front 63

what effects are generated by

1) low dose of PMA (para-methoxyamphetamine)

2)high dose of PMA

Back 63

1) weak MDMA like effect

2) dramatic increases in temperature, blood pressure and heart rate, potentially leading to convulsions, coma and death

Front 64

How can DXM contribute to the lethality of MDMA?

Back 64

-produces effects similar to alcohol. high doses = dissociative like ketamine
-raises body temperature and it inhibits sweating. Combined with ecstasy and a hot environment, you're fucked unless you find shitloads of ice and jump in.

Front 65

What two techniques are used to detect neural cell damage?

Back 65

-silver staining
-measuring glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

Front 66

MDMA users showed _________(increased or decreased) global and regional brain 5-HT transporter binding compared with controls. __________(Increases or Decreases) in 5-HT transporter binding positively correlated with the extent of previous MDMA use.

Back 66

decreased; decreases

Front 67

Collectively, these results lend support to the
concept that all compounds acting on brain
serotonin systems, whether capable of producing
serotonin depletion or not, could produce _________(similar or dissimilar)
effects on the morphology of cerebral serotonin

Back 67

similar

Front 68

If serotonin neurons are destroyed, then of course there will be a _____(Increase or decrease) in SERT levels because there would be fewer serotonin cells

Back 68

drop

Front 69

If you only measure SERT levels, and you find that SERT levels are lower than normal, can the conclusion be drawn that 5HT levels are also low?

Back 69

NO. need to show that cell loss has occurred.

Front 70

Are the physiological effects of ecstasy use reversible with the discontinuation of the drug?

Back 70

Yes they are. 2 or 3 months and you will be back to normal.

Front 71

Low doses of MDMA, between __ and ____ mg were psychologically and physiologically safe for all subjects of the study which found a use for what psych disorder?

Back 71

50 and 75 mg

-MDMA assisted psychotherapy for chronic PTSD

Front 72

Salvia is a type of sage/mint. Is it illegal?

Back 72

NO, but some states have made it illegal

Front 73

How is salvia taken?

Back 73

smoked or the leaved are chewed>

Front 74

With salvia, how long is the duration of effects and

2. how long post-ingestion does it take to have an effect?

Back 74

1. 30 minutes to an hour

2. about 1 minute

Front 75

There are three levels of the salvia experience. Talk out loud about them:

Back 75

Level 1 - a subtle difference in consciousness is barely detected;

Level 2 - visual sensory input is intensified and a definite intoxication is experienced;

Level 3 - a light “visionary” state of visual distortions (geometric or fractal patterns);

Level 4 - a more intense and vivid level of visual distortions;

Level 5 - intense intoxication and motor difficulties;

Level 6 - unconscious or immobile, and sometimes analgesic.

Front 76

what has been found to be the psychoactive component of Salvia?

Back 76

salvinorin

Front 77

what are the three CNS effects of salvinorin?

Back 77

1. It seems to be a Kappa-opiate receptor agonist

2. its a mu-opiate receptor "modulator"

3. Salvinorin may also be a CB1 receptor agonist as well

Front 78

What is the latency of the duration of effects for Amanita Muscaria?

Back 78

15 to 20 minutes

Front 79

How long does the first phase of Amanita Muscaria intoxication last and what are the behavioral effects?

Back 79

can last two hours and the person experiences a sleep which Wasson called a "half-sleep" from which it is difficult to be roused and in which vivid images are seen.

Front 80

the second phase of amanita muscaria intox, can last an additional ___ hours. Explain some of the behavioral effects in this phase:

Back 80

-3
-excitation and euphoria and hallucinations, however, the
person is not incapacitated but just the opposite is capable of "extraordinarily physical efforts”.

Front 81

what are the psychoactive components of amanita muscaria?

Back 81

muscarine, choline, acetylcholine, atropine, hyoscyamine, bufotenin, muscimol and ibotenic acid

Front 82

which of the psychoactive components in amanita muscaria are the agents responsible for the intoxication profile (2 phases)

Back 82

ibotenic acid and muscimol

Front 83

The brain system affected by amanita muscaria is the _____ system. This is unlike all other hallucinogens

-explain the role of muscimol here:

Back 83

GABA.

-muscimol is a powerful GABA agonist

Front 84

Does amanita muscaria inhibit or activate the CNS ?

Back 84

inhibit, it has muscimol which is a gaba agonistical bastard

Front 85

When muscimol itself is given to volunteers it induces the following behavioral effects...

Back 85

euphoria, hallucinations, a visual distortion in which visions are being repeatedly experienced. (referred to as "echopictures"), as well as a sympathetic response, i.e. pupils dilate and body temperature rises, which may be secondary to the direct effects on GABA neurons.