Diaz - Amphetamines

Front 1

What is a speedball?

Back 1

the intravenous administration of a heroin/morphine and cocaine/amphetamine mixture

Front 2

Provide names for stimulants of the following categories:
1)Amphetamines
2)methamphetamines
3)cocaine
4)methylphenidate
5)atomoxine
6)cigarettes

Back 2

1: benzedrine, dexedrine, adderall
2: desoxyn, yaba
3. cocaine
4. ritalin, concerta, metadate
5. straterra
6. nicotine

Front 3

Name three cocaine derivatives, and identify them as synthetic or natural

Back 3

Synthetic cocaine derivatives:
-novocaine, xylocaine (lidocaine)

Front 4

Name 4 methylxanthines

Back 4

caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, Modafinil

Front 5

Name two observations made in the 1920s about the effects of ma huang

Back 5

1. it is effective when taken orally
2. active compound is similar to norepinephrine in its effects on the cardiovascular system

Front 6

are amphetamines, methylphenidate, PPA, novocaine and lidocaine and methamphetamines natural or synthetic stimulants?

Back 6

Synthetics

Front 7

Name the early legislative attempts to control cocaine use

Back 7

- Pure food and drug act 1906 which required labels that announced cocaine presence and made it illegal to claim that cocaine was non-habit forming.
-Harrison Narcotics Act 1914 which levied taxes and tons of paperwork made mandatory to deter people from getting opiates and cocaine
-Comprehensive Drug abuse and prevention and control act of 1970 which created scheme for classifying drugs based on their dependency potentials and medical usefulness

Front 8

cocaine was equated with which group of people and what behaviors by the media

Back 8

southern blacks; crime wave in the south

Front 9

What is Bolivia pushing for, in regards to coca and cocaine?

Back 9

Yes to coca, but no to cocaine. Coca has many uses, things like soap, toothpaste, flour can be made. But cocaine traffic is shifting to bolivia.

Front 10

What two countries rank higher than bolivia as cocaine suppliers?

Back 10

Columbia and Peru

Front 11

Why did amphetamine use not have as negative a stigma as cocaine did in the 1940s?

Back 11

because amphetamines were being used as medicine: respiratory problems, sleep disorders, obesity, fatigue

Front 12

What are the four routes of administration for the stimulants?

Back 12

One Enteral - Oral

three parenteral
-topical intranasal
-pulmonary
-injection

Front 13

which group of stimulants is mostly ingested via enteral route?

Back 13

methylxanthines

Front 14

which two parenteral routes are common to the illegal use of cocaine and methamphetamine?

Back 14

1. snorting (topical)
2. free base smoking (pulmonary)

Front 15

cocaine derivatives can be used to numb pain. How is this acheived?

Back 15

by injection directly on a nerve bundle or injection near or on the spinal chord.

Front 16

compared to the IV route, how fast is the absorption via free-base smoking of cocaine and meth?

Back 16

as fast as IV route!

Front 17

what is the most common vehicle for nicotine administration?

Back 17

TOBACCO

Front 18

how much nicotine does the tobacco in a single cigarrette usually have?

Back 18

8mg

Front 19

the actual dose of nicotine that can be aquired from a cigarette ranges from....

Back 19

.1 mg to over 2 mg.

Front 20

Name the organs involved in the excretion of stimulants

Back 20

-Liver which does the biotransformation
-then kidneys excrete the water soluble metabolites

Front 21

What is unusual about the excretion of amphetamines? It depends on the property of the urine. What is that property?

Back 21

Depends on the acidity of the urine. High acidity will shorten the half life of amphetamines to about 7 to 14 hours. while half life in basic urine is about 16 to 34 hours

Front 22

What is the half life of cocaine?

Back 22

40 minutes

Front 23

what is the half life of caffeine

Back 23

2 to 4 hours

Front 24

what is the half life of ritalin?

Back 24

1 to 2 hours

Front 25

what is the half life of nicotine

Back 25

30 to 120 minutes

Front 26

what is the half life of modafinil?

Back 26

15 hours

Front 27

what is the half life of straterra (atomoxetine?

Back 27

5 hours

Front 28

what is the half life of concerta?

Back 28

3.5 hours

Front 29

the stimulants are quite reinforcing. How do they accomplish this?

Back 29

VTA projecting to nucleus accumbens which projects to frontal cortex. this pathway is stimulated by stimulants.

Front 30

How do amphetamines alter CNS functioning to give rise to behavioral effects?
(4 ways...)

Back 30

1. Block reuptake of monoamine NTs by blocking reuptake channels thus allowing more NT to stay in the synapse and bind post-synaptic receptors; especially DA
2. deactivate monoamine oxidase
3. increase the amount of NT released upon neuronal firing
4. directly stimulating the receptors on post-synaptic surface because drug looks enough like the monoamine NT

Front 31

how does the effect of methamphetamine differ from that of amphetamine?

Back 31

both probably have the same mechanisms; meth has less peripheral activity and more CNS activity than amphetamines

Front 32

cocaine and methylphenidate have been shown to share which two mechanism with amphetamines?

Back 32

1. block reuptake of NTs

Front 33

Do methylxanines alter the CNS function in the same way that amphetamines and cocaine do? How do they alter CNS activity?

Back 33

No they have been shown to not alter CNS activity as amph/cocaine do.

Caffeine does however inhibit adenosine receptors, which normally bind NTs and exert an inhibitory effect. This means that excitation occurs and stimulation is produced via caffeine

Front 34

apart from inhibiting adenosine receptor function, in what other two ways does caffeine act on the CNS?

These two effects occur at (High, medium, low) doses of caffeine?

Back 34

1. mobilizes intracellular calcium
2. inhibits phosphodiesterase, an enzyme which breaks down NTs

effects only occur at HIGH doses

Front 35

What is the mechanism of action for the effects following nicotine administration?

Back 35

stimulation of ACh receptors in both CNS and PNS

Front 36

What is the deal with the drug CHANTIX, marketed as the key to losing your nicotine dependency?

Back 36

get bad dreams. Nicotinic receptors are everywhere in the hippocampus experience altered function so nightmares ensue

Front 37

Which component of the Autonomic nervous system is affected by stimulants?

Back 37

sympathetic NS

Front 38

me of the general physiological effects of
dosing with stimulants are typical of a
sympathetic arousal state:

Back 38

increased BP, respiration, and bronchial dilation to enhance oxygenation of blood, pupil dilation, increased heart rate, blood flow shunting to skeletal muscles and away from digestion.

Front 39

a consequence of methamphetamine use is meth-mouth. Explain the reasoning behind this?

Back 39

mouth drys up = increased acid concentration in mouth and cravings for high calorie beverages, tooth grinding and its long duration of action leading to extended periods of poor oral hygiene.

Front 40

the behavioral consequences of stimulant use are consistent with
PSNS or SNS response? pick one

Back 40

sympathetic ns (SNS)

Front 41

what are the general behavioral effects of the stimulants

Back 41

Alertness or decreased fatigue and an increased ability to concentrate. insomnia; elevation of mood to the point of euphoria; anorexia.

Front 42

what are the behavioral consequences of amphetamines

Back 42

increased alertness; euphoria

Front 43

what are the behavioral consequences of cocaine?

Back 43

improved performance; physical performance might be enhanced independent of amphetamine effect of allaying fatigue

Front 44

what are the behavioral consequences of methylxanthines

Back 44

not as profound sympathetic stimulation as other stimulants.

-stimulate CNS
-relax bronchial muscles
-stimulate heart
-promote uriniation (diuresis)

Front 45

arrange the methylxanthines (3) From least CNS stimulation to the most

Back 45

theobromine, caffeine, theophylline

Front 46

Methylxanthines -

chocolate literature suggests what effects of chocolate and sucrose on CNS

Back 46

1. drive CB1 receptors by releasing anadamide

2. release of endogenous opiates

Front 47

what are the behavioral consequences of nicotine?

Back 47

improved intellectual performance of nicotine, but negative effect on learning of smoking.

Front 48

Nicotine and alzheimer's

Back 48

skin patch administration of nicotine shows improved learning

Front 49

What are two toxic reactions to cocaine>

Back 49

Heart attack;
cardiac arythmias and even rupture of aorta

-this can occur in normal adults and any route of administration will do it

Front 50

what are toxic reactions to amphetamine?

Back 50

same as cocaine but less severe. include headache, tremor, dizziness, agitiation, chest pain, heart palpitations, irregular heart rhythms, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and in some cases convulsions leading to death