Diarrhea Mod

Front 1

What is Diarrhea?

Back 1

passage of abnormal liquid or unformed stools associated with increased frequency of defecation

results in derangement in the normal physiology if the intestinal handling of water and electrolyte absorption and secretion

Front 2

What is the normal physiology of the GI tract?

Back 2

It stores, propels, mixes and digests food

Secretes enzymes and fluids after ingestion

Selectively absorbs water, electrolytes and nutrients

Diarrheal syndromes result from disturbances in any of the basic pathophysiological processes including osmosis, active secretion exudation, inflammation and altered motility

Front 3

What is secretory diarrhea?

Back 3

A number of disease processes may produce secretory diarrhea

Basic pathophysiology involves either net secretion of ions or inhibition of net sodium absorption

Net intestinal secretion is most often secondary to the stimulation of active chloride secretion and to the inhibition of active absorption of sodium and chloride by messengers such as cAMP

Mostly caused by infection were pathogens affect the GI
Pathogens adhere to the mucosa disrupting the absorptive/secretory process of the enterocytes without causing acute inflammation or mucosal destruction

Front 4

What is osmotic diarrhea?

Back 4

Can result from over-eating, sudden dietary change, maldigestion or malabsorption

Malabsorbtion can be caused by anything affecting the mucosal or submucosal layers of the intestine

Front 5

What is inflammatory diarrhea?

Back 5

Exudation or inflammation can contribute to diarrhea when the intestinal epithelium's barrier function is compromised by loss of epitheilal cells or disruption of tight junctions

Front 6

What are the mechanisms that infections use and cause diarrhea?

Back 6

Enterotoxins that subvert the regulatory mechanisms of enterocytes

Cytotoxins that destroy enterocytes

Adherence to mucosa by organisms that alter enterocyte function

Invasion of the mucosa by organisms that provoke an inflammatory response by the immune system

Ingestion of preformed toxins

Front 7

What is functional/ motility diarrhea?

Back 7

Isolated acceleration of intestinal transit is a poorly recognized mechanism of diarrhea

Accelerated transit may be a major factor in diarrhea that is associated with endocrine disorders, neoplasia or in humans diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome


Intestinal transit may also be accelerated in many diarrheal states because of stimulation of peristalsis by increased intraluminal volumes

Front 8

What are the differentials for a 4 day old holstein calf who was normal the night before but is now recumbant, anorexic, hypothermic, dehydrated and has yellow pasty feces on the tail and perineum?

Back 8

E.coli (most likely)
Rotavirus
coronavirus


Too young for salmonella and BVD

Front 9

What is the pathogenesis of enterogenic E.coli?

Back 9

Oral exposure to fecal coliforms leads to colonization in the gut with the normal commensal flora

The organisms are ingested and are able to produce disease caused by the presence of two virulence factors and heat stable toxin K99 fimbria

Organisms through the GI tract with ingesta


Colonized in distal small intestine and attach to epithelium allowing bacteria to maintain residence in the small intestine and multiplies instead of being passed

Front 10

What type of diarrhea does entertoxicgenic E.coli cause?

Back 10

Secretory diarrhea

Front 11

Why is this infection more common in young calves?

Back 11

pH of abomasum and intestine

Front 12

Why does it predominantly affect the small intestine?

Back 12

There is more expression of these receptors in small intestine

Because the toxins are pH dependent

Front 13

How would you treat animal with this enterotoxigenic E coli?

Back 13

Antibiotics and fluids