Diagnostic Testing - Agnes

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pretest

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- A thorough assessment and data collection ( e. g., biologic, psy-chological, sociologic, cultural, and spiritual)
- The nurse also needs to know what equipment and supplies are needed for the specific test.

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intratest

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This phase focuses on specimen collection and performing or assisting with certain diagnostic testing.

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post test

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The focus of this phase is on nursing care of the client and follow- up activities and observations. As appropriate, the nurse compares the previous and current test results and modifies nursing interventions as needed.

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CBC includes

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hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, erythrocyte ( red blood cells) count, leukocyte ( white blood cell) count, red blood cell indices, and a differential white cell count.

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Hemoglobin is the main

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intracellular protein of erythro-cytes. It is the iron- containing protein in the red blood cells that transports oxygen through the body

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The hematocrit measures

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the per-centage of RBCs in the total blood volume.

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1. Hemoglobin and hematocrit increase with
2. and decrease with

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1. dehydration as the blood becomes more concentrated,
2. hypervolemia and resulting hemodilution.

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Low RBC counts are indicative of

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anemia.

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Clients with chronic hypoxia may develop higher than normal counts, a condition known as

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polycythemia.

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Serum osmolality is a measure of

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the solute concentration of the blood. The particles included are sodium ions, glucose, and urea ( BUN).

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peak level indicates

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the highest concentration of the drug in the blood serum,

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trough level represents

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the lowest concentration.

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hemoglobin A1C ( HbA1C) is a measurement of

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blood glucose that is bound to hemoglobin

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The normal range hemoglobin A1C

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is 4.0% to 5.5%.

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An elevated A1C ( HbA1C) reflects

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hyperglycemia in diabetics

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BNP levels increase as

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heart failure becomes more severe.

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A capillary blood specimen is often taken to measure

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blood glucose when frequent tests are required or when a venipuncture cannot be performed.

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reasons for testing feces include

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- determine the presence of occult ( hidden) blood. Bleed-ing can occur as a result of gastrointestinal ulcers, inflam-matory disease, or tumors.
-To analyze for dietary products and digestive secretions.
- To detect the presence of ova and parasites.
- To detect the presence of ova and parasites.

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Steatorrhea is

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the presence of excess fat in feces

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clean voided urine specimens done for

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routine urinalysis/routine examination

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clean- catch or midstream urine specimens for

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urine culture

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Timed Urine Specimen

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- To assess the ability of the kidney to concentrate and dilute urine
- To determine disorders of glucose metabolism, for example, diabetes mellitus
- To determine levels of specific constituents, for example, al-bumin, amylase, creatinine, urobilinogen, or certain hor-mones ( e. g., estriol or corticosteroids), in the urine.

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Aspiration of urine from catheters can be done only with

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self- sealing rubber catheters

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Specific gravity is an indicator of

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urine concentration, or the amount of solutes ( metabolic wastes and electrolytes) present in the urine.

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Urinary pH is measured to

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determine the relative acidity or alkalinity of urine and assess the client’s acid– base status.

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Urine is tested for glucose to screen clients for

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diabetes mellitus and to assess clients during pregnancy for abnormal glucose tolerance.

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Ketone bodies, a product of the breakdown of fatty acids can be found

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Protein in the urine of clients with poorly controlled diabetes (1st type)

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Protein molecules normally are

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too large to escape from glomerular capillaries into the filtrate. If the glomerular membrane has been damaged, however ( e. g., because of an inflammatory process such as glomerulonephritis), it can become “ leaky,” allowing proteins to escape

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Urine osmolality is a measure of /is used to monitor?

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the solute concentration of urine that is a more exact measurement of urine concentration than specific gravity. It is also used to monitor fluid and electrolyte balance.

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Sputum is

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the mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea.

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Sputum specimens are usually collected for one or more of the following reasons

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- For culture and sensitivity to identify a specific microorganism and its drug sensitivities.
- For cytology to identify the origin, structure, function, and pathology of cells.
- For acid- fast bacillus ( AFB), which also requires serial collection, often for 3 consecutive days, to identify the presence of tuberculosis
- To assess the effectiveness of therapy.

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expectorate

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cough up

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hemoptysis

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blood in the sputum

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anoscopy

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viewing of the anal canal

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proctoscopy

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the viewing of the rectum

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proctosigmoidoscopy,

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the viewing of the rectum and sigmoid colon

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colonoscopy,

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the viewing of the large intestine.

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barium swallow

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upper gastrointestinal tract or small bowel,

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barium enema

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examination of lower gastrointestinal tract,

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Intravenous pyelography ( IVP) and retrograde pyelography are

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radiographic studies used to evaluate the urinary tract.

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Electrocardiography provides

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a graphic recording of the heart’s electrical activity.

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An echocardiogram is

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a noninvasive test that uses ultrasound to visualize structures of the heart and evaluate left ventricular function.

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Computed tomography ( CT)

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is a painless, noninvasive x- ray procedure that has the unique capability of distinguishing minor differences in the density of tissues. The CT produces a three- dimensional image of the organ or structure, making it more sensitive than the x- ray machine.

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The MRI is commonly used for

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visualization of the brain, spine, limbs and joints, heart, blood vessels, abdomen, and pelvis.

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Aspiration is

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he withdrawal of fluid that has abnormally collected ( e. g., pleural cavity, abdominal cavity) or to obtain a specimen ( e. g., cerebrospinal fluid)

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A biopsy is

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the removal and examination of tissue.

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ascites

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a large amount of fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity